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Biology > C14 - Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

C14 - Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of an endocrine gland?

A

Secrete hormones into blood stream

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2
Q

Describe the role of the pituitary gland

A

Secrete

  • growth hormone for bones and muscles
  • ADH - increases reabsorption of water in kidney
  • Gonadotrophins - development of ovaries and testes
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3
Q

Describe the role of the pineal gland

A

secrete

- melatonin - reproductive development and daily cycles

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4
Q

Describe the role of the thyroid gland

A

secrete:

- thyroxine - controls rate of metabolism, rate at which glucose is used in respiration, promotes growth

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5
Q

Describe the role of the thymus

A

secretes:

-thymosin - promotes production and maturation of WBCs

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6
Q

Describe the role of the adrenal gland

A

secretes:

- adrenalin - increases heart rate, breathing and blood glucose levels

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7
Q

Describe the role of the glands in the pancreas

A

secrete:

  • insulin - converts glucose to glycogen
  • glucagon - converts glycogen to gluose
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8
Q

Describe the role of the glands in the testis

A

secrete:

-testosterone - sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

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9
Q

Describe the role of the glands in the ovary

A

Secrete:

  • oestrogen - ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics
  • progesterone - prepares uterus lining for receiving an embryo
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10
Q

Compare Nervous and hormonal communication

A 
(DS SPITS)
Duration
---N (short) H (slow and long)
Speed
----N (fast) H (slow)
Structures
----N (neurones) H (glands/secretory cells)
Pathway
----N (neurones) H (bloodstream)
Information
----N(electrical impulses) h (hormones/chemicals)
Target
----N(localised) H(whole organ/tissue)
Similarities
----cell signalling
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11
Q

How do steroid hormones work

A

hormones that can work their way through the phospholipid bilayer, binding to proteins, act as TRANSCRIPTION factor to effect change

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12
Q

What are the chemical properties of steriod hormones

A

Derived from cholestrol
hydrophobic
insoluble in water

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13
Q

How do non-steroid hormones work

A

bind to receptor on plasma membrane

affect cellular processed through second messengers

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14
Q

Give an example of a second messenger

A

CAMP

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15
Q

What are the chemical properties of non-steriod hormones

A

proteins

water soluble

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16
Q

What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenelin

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17
Q

What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • androgen
18
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormone produced in adrenal cortex
increases blood sugar levels
acts on GLUCOCORTICOID receptor in nulceus

19
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Steriod hormone produced in adrenal cortex
controls blood pressure and sodium conversion in kidney
MINERALCORTICOID receptor in nucleus

20
Q

What is androgen?

A

Steriod hormone produced in adrenal cortex

precursor to testosterone and oestrogen

21
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

non-steriod hormone produced in adrenal medulla

controls fight/flight response and glycogenolysis (which will increase blood sugar levels)

22
Q

What part of the nervous system controls the production of noradrenaline?

A

Autonomic sympathetic

23
Q

What part of the nervous system controls the production of acetylchloine?

A

Autonomic parasympathetic

24
Q

Describe how adrenaline acts on a cell to increase the availability of glucose

A

Adrenalin binds to receptor site on cell surface membrane
Enzyme (adenylyl cyclase) inside membrane is activated
ATP converted to CAMP (second messenger)
CAMP activates a cascade of enzymes that eventually convert glycogen to glucose

25
Q

Describe the process in the body (starting at the amygdala) that result in the release in adrenalin in bloodstream

A

amygdala sends signal to hypothalamus
Sympathetic NS activated
noradrenaline released
causes adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

26
Q

Describe the process in the body (starting at the amygdala) that result in the release in cortisol etc. in bloodstream

A

amygdala sends signal to hypothalamus
pituatory gland releases ACTH (precursor to cortisol)
Arrive at adrenal cortex
Converted and released

27
Q

In the pancreas, what is resposible for digestive enzymes?

A

Acini cells

28
Q

In the pancreas, what is resposible for blood sugar hormones?

A

Islets of langerhans
alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin

29
Q

What. is the name of the process converting glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

30
Q

What. is the name of the process converting glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

31
Q

What. is the name of the process producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

32
Q

Describe how an increase in glucose leads to insulin being released

A

Resting potential in cell (-70mV)
BS levels rise - Glucose enters cell via facilitated diffusion
Glucose is matabolised and ATP is produced
ATP binds to K channels, causing them to close
K+ can not diffuse out, pd rises (-30mV)
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels rise
Ca2+ enter cell, causing excretory vesicles to release insulin via. exocytosis

33
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

loss of beta cells
failure to produce enough insulin
genetic predispoition/autoimmune

34
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • failure to respond to insulin

- caused - excessive body weight/ insufficient excercise

35
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

Weight loss
Hunger
Tiredness
Glucose in urine

36
Q

What are the treatments for diabetes?

A 
Type 1 - regular BS monitoring
insulin injection
Type 2 - drugs
- exercise
-regulation of food

Pancreatic transplants

37
Q

What controls our heart rate

A

Autonomic NS

Medulla oblongata

38
Q

What do the 2 centres in the Medulla oblongata that control our heart rate do?

A 
1- increase bpm
sympathetic ns
accelerator nerve
2- decrease bpm
- parasymapthtic ns
vagus nerve
39
Q

What are 2 receptors that help control our bpm and where are they found

A 
Barorecetors
blood pressure
aorta, vena cava, carotid arteries
Chemoreceptors
- conc of chemicals eg. CO2
aorta, cartoid artery, medulla
40
Q

How do receptors change our bpm

A

Impulses sent to SAN, thus changing bpm

41
Q

How do Adrenaline and noradrenaline change our heart rate

A

Change frequency of SAN impulses directly

Biology (17 decks)

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