Incomplete - 10 - Classification and evolution

Question 1

Why is there a standardised system for classification?

Answer 1

• same language
• identify new species
• evolutionary links

Question 2

What is a species?

Answer 2

a group of similar organisms with certain features in common and similar genes
capable of naturally interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Question 3

What is the name for the classification system we use?

Answer 3

phylogenetic classification

Question 4

How is the classification system organised?

Answer 4

by how closely they are related

Question 5

what is the order to the taxonomies in classification?

Answer 5

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 6

As you go down the classification system what happens to the number of organisms and the similarities?

Answer 6

fewer organisms, greater similarities

Question 7

how do we write the binomial nomenclature of a species?

Answer 7

genus + species

capital for genus, italics for species

Question 8

Name the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdom system?

Answer 8

prokaryotae
Protoctista
fungi
Plantae
animalia

Question 9

Name the 3 domains in the 3 domain system

Answer 9

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 10

name the 6 kingdoms in the 3 domain system

Answer 10

eubacteria, archaebacteria, protoctists, plantea, fungi, animalia

Question 11

define autotrophic

Answer 11

an organism that obtains its nutrients itself ie. via photosynthesis

Question 12

define heterotrophic

Answer 12

an organism that obtains its nutrients from ingesting other organisms

Question 13

define saprotrophic

Answer 13

an organism that secretes extracellular enzymes ad absorbs soluble molecules to obtain its nutrients

Question 14

What did Woese study to come up with his 3 domain system?

Answer 14

• ribosomal RNA sequences
• membrane lipid structure
• sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 15

Describe the features of a prokaryote in terms of:

• cell wall
• genetic material
• nutrition
• motility

Answer 15

peptidoglycan
circular DNA (not membrane-bound, no histones or chromosomes)
absorbs nutrients from its surroundings - diffusion
some move with a flagella
divide by binary fission

Question 16

Describe the features of a Protoctista in terms of:

• cell wall
• genetic material
• nutrition
• motility

Answer 16

• no cell wall
• DNA in the nucleus
• some autotrophic some heterotrophic
• flagella, pseudopods or cillia
• eukaryotic and unicellular

Question 17

Describe the features of fungi in terms of:

• cell wall
• genetic material
• nutrition
• motility

Answer 17

• DNA in the nucleus
• chitin cell wall
• sapprophitic, store as glycogen
• no motility
• reproduce by spores (either sexual or asexual reproduction)

Question 18

Describe the features of a plant in terms of:

• cell wall
• genetic material
• nutrition
• motility

Answer 18

• DNA in nucleus
• cellulose cell wall
• autotrophic, store as starch
• no motility
• eukaryotic

Question 19

Describe the features of an animal in terms of:

• cell wall
• genetic material
• nutrition
• motility

Answer 19

• DNA in nucleus
• no cell wall
• heterotrophic, most have gut, store as glycogen
• motility through muscles and nervous systems
• eukaryotic

Question 20

2 descendants on a phylogenetic tree split directly from same node are called…

Answer 20

sister groups

Question 21

nodes/ where lines join on a plhylogenetic tree represent

Answer 21

common ancestors

Question 22

What does an extinct species look like on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 22

a line that does not continue to the present (often perpendicular to line of time)

Question 23

How do different species evolve?

Answer 23

mutations in dna
leads to change in gene
COULD cause a change in phenotype if different amino acid is produced

Question 24

Why do mutations not always change the phenotype of a species?

Answer 24

DNA is degenerate code

change in base could lead to the same amino acid

Question 25

what evidence is used for the construction of phylogenetic trees?

Answer 25

• compare DNA sequencing
• compare amino acid sequencing
• fossil evidence

Question 26

What evidence is there for evolution?

Answer 26

• shared characteristics/behavoir
• fossil evidence
• comparative biochemistry
• evolutionary throw-backs
• antibiotic resistance
• comparative anatomy
• evolutionary embryology

Question 27

What is evolution?

Answer 27

The slow continued change of organisms over hundred of years

Question 28

What are fossils?

Answer 28

remains of organisms from millions of years ago often found in rocks or amber

Question 29

What can fossils be of, why are they found?

Answer 29

1 - from parts of organisms that have no decayed because one or more of the conditions were not present
2 - parts of the organism replaced my minerals
3- traces eg. footprints

Question 30

What did Charles Lyell do?

Answer 30

collected fossils

proposed fossils were dead organsims that lived millions of years ago

Question 31

What did Charles Darwin do?

Answer 31

proposed evolution by natural selection

Question 32

What did Darwin propose evolution by natural selection was?

Answer 32

• individuals in a species show a wide range of variation
• individuals ina. species always have more offspring than the environment can support
• those with characteristics most suited to the environment survive
• pass characteristics onto offspring, causes a gradual change over time

Question 33

How has our understanding of evolution by natural selection changed since Darwin?

Answer 33

We now understand genes and alleles being passed on, these pass on the favourable characteristics

Question 34

What did Alfred Russell Wallace do?

Answer 34

• peer review Charles Darwins work

- joint publish the theory of the origin or species

Question 35

How do fossils support the theory of evolution?

Answer 35

can date organisms

• -older fossils at the bottom are less complex
• -therefore fossils have been there for millions of years simple life forms evolve into more complex ones

NEED TO FINISH ONCE I HAVE NOTES

Question 36

Why are fossil records not always complete?

Answer 36

• soft-bodied organism will not fossilise
• fossils damaged or destroyed by geological activity
• gaps if conditions were not right for a period of time
• not been discovered yet