Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 13 - Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

13 - Neuronal Communication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we need coordination?

A

Cells have become specialised e.g. organs

Therefore groups of cells all have to work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Functions of organs coordinated to maintain a constant internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare nervous cell signalling and hormonal cell signalling

A

Nervous = neurotransmitters
Faster more targeted

Hormonal is hormones
Long distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do plants coordinate

A

No nervous system

Hormones e.g. auxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are stimuli

A

Changes to internal or external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the cell body of a neurone specialised to function

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Lots of endoplasmic reticulum And mitochondria for production of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of dendrons

A

Short extensions, divide into dendrites

Transmit impulses towards cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the structure and role of axons

A

Transmit impulses away from cell bodies

Singular elongated Nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of neuron

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neuron

A

One dendron one axon

So body in eyeball shaped form in centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure of a relay neuron

A

Many short axons and neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of a relay neuron

A

Transmit between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of a motor neurone

A

Transmit impulses to an effector e.g. muscle or gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of a motor neuron

A

One long axon many short dendrites

Cell body at end of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is myelin sheath and what is its role

A

Many layers of plasma membrane made from Schwann cells

Acts as an insulating layer to transmit impulses faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are gaps in Mylan sheath called and what are their roles

A

Node of ranvier

Signals jump over these gaps speeding up transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the features of sensory receptors

A

Specific to one type of stimulus

Acts as transducers – convert stimulus into nerve impulse called generator potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four types of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the stimulus for mechanoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Pressure and movement

Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the stimulus for thermoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Temperature

Younger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the stimulus for chemoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Chemicals

Nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the stimulus for photoreceptors. Give an example.

A

Light

Eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of the pacinian corpuscle

A

Detects mechanical pressure

Deep in skin in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the process of a action potential in the pacinian corpuscle

A 
Neurone has resting potential
Pressure acts as stimulus
Stretch mediated sodium ion channels open
Influx of positive ions depolarises so
Action potential passes along neurone
25
Q

How are resting potentials created

A

Sodium ions actively transported out of axons
Potassium ions actively transported into axon
Three sodium out, two potassium in
Uneven balance creates electrochemical gradient
Sodium ions diffuse in potassium ions diffuse out
However sodium ion channels closed
More positive charge outside (-70mV inside)

26
Q

How is an action potential created

A

Sodium ion voltage gated channels open
Sodium ions diffuse down electrochemical gradient
Creates positive feedback and more gates open
Sodium channels shut and potassium builds up inside axon

27
Q

Describe how repolarisation works

A

Potassium ion voltage gated channels open

Lets positive eyes out to get back to -70mV

28
Q

What is the refractory period

A

Period of hyperpolarisation
Voltage gates both closed
There can be no new action potential
Stops overlapping signals and prevent signals travelling backwards

29
Q

Describe how action potential is propagated

A

Sodium ions moving in are attracted to negative charge and diffusion gradient
More positive charge triggers voltage gated channels to open up further down neurone

30
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Action potentials cannot be created in myelinated areas
Only happen it node of ranvier
Leapfrog
quicker more Efficient

31
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

32
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do. Give an example

A

Trigger action potential of threshold is reached

EG acetylcholine

33
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do. give an example

A

Prevents action potential being reached

E.g. gaba

34
Q

Explain how an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft

A

Action potential reaches presynaptic knob
Depolarisation causes voltage gated calcium ion channels open
Calcium ions diffuse into presynaptic knob
Causes cytoskeleton to move vesicles, fuse with membrane, releasing neurotransmitters via exocytosis

35
Q

Explain how neurotransmitters in a synaptic cleft cause the propagation of an action potential

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
Bind with specific receptor on postsynaptic membrane
Causes sodium channels to open, sodium ions diffuse in, causing action potential
Impulse propagated

36
Q

Explain what happens to the neurotransmitters after binding to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

A

Broken down by enzymes
Products taken back to presynaptic knob to be recycled into new neurotransmitters
This also prevents a response from happening again

37
Q

What are the two systems of structural organisation in neuronal communication (_NS and _NS)

A

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
All neurons connected to central nervous system (sensory and motor)

38
Q

What are the two systems of functional organisation

A

Somatic nervous system
Conscious control

Automatic nervous system
Subconscious control – works constantly

39
Q

What are the two subgroups under automatic nervous system? When would they be used? Name a NT for each.

A

Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Noradrenaline

Parasympathetic
Relaxing responses
Acetylcholine

40
Q

How is the brain protected

A

Meninges and skull

41
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

Controls voluntary actions

Learning memory personality conscious thought

42
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Controls unconscious functions

Posture, balance, involuntary movement

43
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do

A

Controls automatic control

Breathing rate, heart rate, coughing, swallowing

44
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulatory centre

Temperature, water balance, hormones, blood plasma

45
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Stores and releases hormones

46
Q

What does the corpus callosum do

A

Joints to hemispheres of the brain together

47
Q

What is the structure of Myosin

A

Globular, hinged heads

Binding site for actin and ATP many many tails form the filament

48
Q

What is the structure of actin

A

Have binding sites for Myosin

Blocked by tropomyosin, held in place by tropinin

49
Q

Describe the steps in the sliding filament model

A

Calcium ions cause troponin to turn, move tropomyosin out of the way, expose binding sites
Myosin head binding drives actin forward
ATP binds to myosin causing it to detach from Actin
ATP hydrolysed to ADP providing energy for myosin head to move backwards,
binds to actin further down ADP releases

50
Q

What is the dark bit made up of in the sliding Filament model?

A

Layers of myosin and actin, length of Myosin

51
Q

What is the H zone

A

Lighter banned within dark band where actin has gaps

52
Q

What is the z-line

A

Where actin cross links are

53
Q

What is the sarcomere

A

Area between two adjacent z-lines

54
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

55
Q

What are three ways of maintaining an ATP supply

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Creatine phosphate

56
Q

State the difference in arrangement between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Skeletal – regular arrange so muscle contracts in One Direction
Cardiac - cells branch and interconnect resulting in simultaneous contraction
Smooth – no regular arrangement

57
Q

State the difference in contraction speed of skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Skeletal – rapid
Cardiac – intermediate
Smooth – slow

58
Q

State the difference in striations In skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Skeletal – striated
Cardiac – specialised striated
Smooth – non-striated

Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions