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Biology > C18? - Respiration > Flashcards

C18? - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm of the mitochondria

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2
Q

Outline the steps of glycolysis

A

Glucose converted to Hexose bisphosphate (2ATP –> 2ADP +2Pi)
Hexose bisphosphate splits to 2TP
Each TP converted to Pyruvate (each using 2ADP and 1NAD+)

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3
Q

What is the net produce of glycolysis for 1 molecule of glucose

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2ATP

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4
Q

What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

Actively transported to mitochondrial matrix where it enters the link reaction

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5
Q

Outline the link reaction

A

Pyruvate converted to acetyl group (1 CO2 removed, 1 NAD+–> NADH)
Combined with Coenzyme A to make acetyl-CoA

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6
Q

What is the net produce of the link reaction for 1 molecule fo glucose

A

2 acetyl-CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

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7
Q

Outline the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl group delivered by Acetyl-CoA
Combined with oxaloacetate to make citrate
Citrate loses a CO2 and makes an NADH to make a 5C compound
5C looses a CO2, makes an NADH and an ATP to make a 4C compound
4C compound makes NADH and FADH2 to regenerate oxaloacetate

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8
Q

What type of reaction is ATP made in during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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9
Q

What type of reaction happens to turn pyruvate into an acetyl group

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

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10
Q

What are the net products of the Krebs cycle for 1 molecule of glucose

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2ATP

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11
Q

What happens to the NADH produced glycolysis, link and krebs reactions?

A

oxidised by electron transport chain

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12
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria (folded in cristae)

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13
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation (up to end of ETC)?

A

H atoms carried to ETC by NADH and FADH2, H atoms dissociate into H+ and e-
passed along a series of electron carriers
oxygen acts as terminal receptor

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14
Q

What happens to the energy released in the ETC (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

energy released used to pump h+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane into intermembrane space
creates electrochemical gradient
ions diffuse back via chemiosmosis through channel proteins containing ATP synthase
ATP synthesised
makes 34 molecules of ATP

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15
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

repsiration in the absences of oxygen

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16
Q

Why can aerobic respiration not occur in the absence of oxygen?

A

No terminal receptor in ETC, casues “back up” of electrons, therefore NAD+ (and FAD) can not be regenerated for glycolysis

17
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

organisms that can respire both aerobically and anaerobically

18
Q

What is fermentation?

A

anaerobic repsiration without the involvement of the ETC

19
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that can only respire anaerobically

20
Q

What are obligate aerobes

A

organisms that can only respire aerobically

21
Q

What are the types of anaerobic repsiration and where do they occur?

A 
Lactate fermentation (mammals)
Alcoholic fermentation (plants and yeast)
22
Q

Outline the steps of lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate reduced to lactate (NADH –> NAD+)

catalysed by lactate dehydorgenase

23
Q

What are the advantages of lactate fermentation

A

one step, quick reaction

allows 2ATP to be produced per glucose (when preparation would otherwise stop)

24
Q

How is lactic acid removed from respiring tissues

A

oxidised back into pyruvate

converteed into glucose in liver (oxygen is required thus causing oxygen debt)

25
Q

Outline the steps of alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate
CO2 removed (catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase)
Ethanal
reduced to ethanol (NADH –> NAD+)

26
Q

What are the negatives of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Non reversible

ethanol is toxic and will cause death

27
Q

How do you calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

28
Q

What equipment is used to calculate the RQ

A

Respirometer

29
Q

What is the RQ for carbohydrates eg. glucose

A

1.0

30
Q

What is the RQ for proteins

A

0.9

31
Q

What is the RQ for lipids

A

0.7

32
Q

What is the RQ when anaerobic respiration occurs? Why?

A

> 1

CO2 produced but less O2 consumed

33
Q

How would you calculate the rate of respiration of a small organism eg. maggots?

A

Place in test tube on guaze
Sodalime underneath
Place a bung connected to graduated tube with coloured liquid

CO2 produced dissolves in sodalime
O2 produced causes a decrease in pressure, draws in air thus coloured liquid moves

Biology (17 decks)

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