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Biology > 6 - Cell Division > Flashcards

6 - Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Humans have __ pairs of ______ chromosomes

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

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2
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Each code for the same thing, one is paternally inherited, one is maternally inherited

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3
Q

When 1 chromosome is replicated it makes _____ joined by a ____

A

A pair of chromatids joined by a centromere

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4
Q

What is a pair of chromatids?

A

2 identical chromosomes joined by a centromere

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

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6
Q

What are chromosomes made from?

A

Chromatin (DNA and histone proteins)

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7
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Full set of chromosomes- 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (pre pick and mix, di- 2 one from each parent)

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8
Q

What is a haploid?

A

1/2 a diploid, one chromosome inherited randomly from a parent (think pic and mix)

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9
Q

What are the 2 parts of the mitosis cell cycle?

A

Cell growth and cell division

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10
Q

What happens during cell growth in mitosis?

A

Interphase:

  • cell grows in size
  • synthesis of organelles
  • DNA checking
  • fuel stores
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11
Q

What happens during cell division stage in mitosis?

A
  • mitosis

- cytokenesis

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12
Q

Name the stages of mitosis interphase in order

A

G1
S
G2
(then mitosis and cytokenesis)

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13
Q

What happens in G1 stage of interphase?

A 
Cell contents (everything but chromosomes) are duplicated
-cell grows in size
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14
Q

What does G1 checkpoint in interphase check for?

A
  • DNA damage
  • Cell size
  • Cell nutrients
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15
Q

What is the G0 stage of interphase?

A

Cells leaving the cell cycle, either temp. or permanently, because of DNA damage or the cells are specialised

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16
Q

What is the S stage of interphase?

A

DNA replicated and sister cromatids form

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17
Q

What is the G2 stage of interphase?

A

Cell continues to grow in size

energy (ATP) stores replenished

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18
Q

What does G2 checkpoint in interphase check for?

A
  • DNA damage

- Cell size

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19
Q

What happens after the G2 phase of interphase

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

BLURT! Draw the cell cycle for mitosis from G1 of interphase to cytokinesis (including checkpoints and the function of each stage)

A

Photo 1 in revision folder

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21
Q

Name the stages mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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22
Q

State what happens in prophase in mitosis (5)

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope dissolves
  • nucleolus disappears
  • centrioles produce spindles
  • spindles from poles of cells attach to centromere
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23
Q

State what happens in Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled to the centre, to the metaphase plate

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24
Q

State what happens in anaphase

A

Chromatids are separated, pulled to the poles of the cells

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25
Q

State what happens in Telophase

A
  • chromatids reach poles of the cell
  • nuclear envelope reappears
  • nucleolus reappears
  • chromosomes recondense into nuclei
26
Q

What happens in cytokinesis of animal cells?

A

Cleavage furrow forms and cytoskeleton pulls the cell in two

27
Q

BLURT! Draw the stages of mitosis in order with explainations

A

Revision photo 2

28
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A 
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
29
Q

How many chromosomes are present in Prophase I of meiosis, what is this set called?

A

Diploid, 46 chromosomes (23 each with a homologous pair)

30
Q

What is special about Prophase I in meiosis

A

Chromosomes pair up and cross over

31
Q

When do chromosomes pair up and cross over

A

Prophase I in meiosis

32
Q

What causes genetic variance in meoisis

A

Chromosomes pair up and cross over in meoisis I and randomly line up (independent assortment) in Metaphase I

33
Q

BLURT! Draw the stages of meosis I and II in order with explainations

A

Picture 3 and 4 revision folder

34
Q

What is different between metaphase I and metaphase II in meiosis

A

Metaphase I the homologous pairs are separated (one chromosome to each pole)
Metaphase II the chromatid pairs are separated (from centromere)

35
Q

How many chromosomes are present in Prophase II of meiosis, what is this set called?

A

23, a haploid (one randomly pic and mixed from one of your parents)

36
Q

What is the result of meoisis

A

4 genetically different daughter cells (gametes)

-haploid

37
Q

Cells group together to form __

A

tissues that perform a common function

38
Q

Organs are ___

A

groups of tissues that work together to form a wider function

39
Q

Organ systems are ___

A

groups of organs that work together to perform and essential life function

40
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

transport minerals and water as well as providing structural support

41
Q

What is the structure of xylem?

A

Long, open-ended tubes formed of dead tissue

42
Q

What are xylem cells made by

A

Meristem cells

43
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

movement of food substances and nutrients from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plants

44
Q

What is the structure of phloem?

A

Long tubes made of living cells

45
Q

What are phloem cells made by

A

Meristem cells

46
Q

What are the features of cells that the meristem produces

A

meristem tissue

produce cells that elongate and line up end to end to form tubes

47
Q

What are Epithelial cells

A

sheets of cells that serve as a lining or to cover a surface

48
Q

What are the 2 types of Epithelial cells

A
  • -squamous which are smooth, flat and very thin

- -ciliated, cylinder in shape and have cillia

49
Q

What are the 3 types of role for cells

A

Connective
Muscle
Nervous

50
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

undifferentiated cells which have the ability to

develop into any kind of cell

51
Q

Discuss the differences between human and plant stem cells

A

Plants retain their ability to differentiate into different types of cells throughout their life

Humans do not, we can only make some particular types of cell eg. RBCs erythrocytes

52
Q

Where does the division of plant cells occur at the highest rate?

A

Meristem

53
Q

Name a specialised cell in a human and how it is specialised

A

Sperm cell adapted to reach, penetrate and fertilise the ovum (enzymes in head and flagellum)

54
Q

What is totipotent

A

stem cell able to become any cell/ form a whole organism

55
Q

What is pluripotent

A

stem cell able to become any tissue type but not a whole organism

56
Q

what is multipotent

A

stem cell able to become only a range of cell types

57
Q

What is the difference between ciliated cells and ciliated epithelium

A

ciliated epithelium in a tissue - a group of cells working together
ciliated cells are any single cells with cillia

58
Q

Why are cells checked frequently in the cell cycle?

A 
dna errors
cell does not divide too often
cell divides at right time
is right size
chromosomes in the right position
59
Q

3 sources of sttem cells

A

embryos
umbilical cord
meristematic tissue

60
Q

How can stem cells help treat heart disease?

A

repair tissue muscle in the heart damaged by heart attacks

61
Q

How can stem cells help treat diabetes?

A

replace beta cells destroyed by immune system

62
Q

How can stem cells help treat genetic diseases?

A

reverse previously untreatable birth defects

Biology (17 decks)

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