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Biology > 7 - Exchange Surfaces and Breathing > Flashcards

7 - Exchange Surfaces and Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

State 3 features of the nasal cavity that improve gas exchange

A
  • moist
  • good blood supply
  • hairs and mucus
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2
Q

Why does good blood supply in the nasal cavity improve gas exchange?

A
  • warms the air
  • increased Ek
  • greater rate of diffusion when in lungs
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3
Q

Why does moisture in the nasal cavity improve gas exchange?

A
  • keeps the air moist

- can dissolve in water when diffusing out of alveloli

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4
Q

Why do hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity improve gas exchange?

A
  • trap bacteria and dust

- prevents delicate lung tissue from irritation and infection

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5
Q

State 2 features of the trachea that improve gas exchange

A
  • c-shaped rings of cartilage

- lined with ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells

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6
Q

Why are the rings of cartilage in the trachea not full circles

A

Allows food to easily move down oesophagus behind the trachea

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7
Q

Why does the trachea have rings of cartilage?

A

To protect the trachea from collapsing and trauma

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8
Q

What do the ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells do in the trachea?

A

Goblet cells, secrete mucus onto the lining of trachea to trap dust and microorganisms

Cilia beat to move mucus and the trapped artefacts away from lungs and to throat where it is swallowed and digested

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9
Q

State a feature of the bronchus that improves gas exchange and how it works

A

-rings of cartilage - provide support, strong yet flexible, prevent from collapse

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10
Q

State 2 features of the bronchioles that improve gas exchange

A
  • thin layer of epithelial cells

- smooth muscle

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11
Q

Why do the bronchioles have smooth muscle?

A

Allow the lungs to constrict and dilate

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12
Q

Why do the bronchioles have a thin layer of epithelial cells?

A

Allows some gaseous exchange

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13
Q

State 4 features of alveoli that improve gas exchange

A

Thin
Good blood supply
High SA
Good ventilation

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14
Q

Why do alveoli have thin walls?

A

Short diffusion pathway

MAkes diffusion of oxygen into blood and CO2 out of blood more easy

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15
Q

Why do alveoli have good blood supply?

A

takes O2 away from lungs quickly so maintains a high conc. gradient

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16
Q

Why do alveoli have large SA?

A

Large amounts of oxygen able to diffuse into blood to meet metabolic demand

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17
Q

Why do alveoli have good ventilation?

A

Breathing moves air in and out of lungs

Helps maintain steep conc. gradients

18
Q

Describe inhalation in terms of pressure

A

Pressure in the atmosphere is greater than the pressure in the lungs, forcing air into the alveoli

19
Q

Describe exhalation in terms of pressure

A

Pressure in the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, forcing air out of the alveoli

20
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

A

contracts and flattens

increases volume fo thorax

21
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation

A

relaxes and curves

decreases volume of the thorax

22
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation

A

external intercostal muscles contract
ribs move up and out
increases volume of the thorax

23
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during exhalation

A

internal intercostal muscles contract
ribs move down and inwards
decreases volume of the thorax

24
Q

What is the tidal volume of the lungs

A

the volume of air that moves in and out with each resting breath

25
Q

What is the residual volume of the lungs

A

volume of air left in the lungs when one has exhaled and hard as possible

26
Q

What is vital capacity of the lungs

A

volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest exhale is followed by the deepest inhale

27
Q

How do you calculate ventilation rate?

A

tidal volume x breaths per minute

28
Q

Describe how a spirometer works

A

The patient breathes in and out of an airtight chamber filled with oxygen thus causing it to move up and down and leave a trace on the graph

29
Q

Describe the structure of spiracles in the insect gaseous exchange system

A

found along the sides of insects
opening of larger tubes called trachea
have sphincters to control entry and exit

30
Q

How will the state of spiracles change in an insect depending on metabolic demand

A

High metabolic demand, O2 demand is high, spiracles open to let oxygen in and CO2 out

Low metabolic demand, O2 demand low, spiracles kept closed

31
Q

Describe the structure of tracheas in insect gaseous exchange system

A

large tubes

lined with chitin rings

32
Q

Describe the structure of tracheoles in insect gaseous exchange system

A

single, elongated cells
no chitin so freely permeable to gas
filled with tracheal fluid

33
Q

Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in insects

A

Low metabolic demand- a small amount of O2 can diffuse from tracheoles

High metabolic demand - cells respire anaerobically, produce lactic acid which lowers the water potential of cells. Tracheal fluid diffuses out leaving a moist exchange surface for oxygen to diffuse through

34
Q

What is the difference is the gill structure of bony fish and cartilaginous fish

A

Bony fish- operculum to cover gills, counter-current exchange system

cartilaginous fish- open gill slits, concurrent exchange system, ram ventilation

35
Q

What is the role and structure of the operculum?

A

Bony plate that covers the gills to protect them from damage

36
Q

What do the gill rakers do?

A

Clean water for any dirt and bits

37
Q

What does the gill arch do?

A

Supports the gill plates and carriers the blood supply

38
Q

What are the gill plates made of? (2)

A

Gill filaments, each filament is made up of hundreds of microscopic lamellae, this is where gaseous exchange occurs

39
Q

Describe how inhalation occurs in fish

A

Mouth opens
Buccal chamber expands (pressure decreases)
water flows in

40
Q

Describe how exhalation occurs in fish

A

Mouth closes
Buccal chamber decreases in size (pressure increases)
water flows out through gills

Biology (17 decks)

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