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Biology > 8 - Transport in Animals > Flashcards

8 - Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the surface area: volume ratio as animals get larger? How does this impact an organisms transport systems?

A

larger sa:v ratio
therefore larger (multicellular) organisms need transport systems
they can not rely on diffusion
high metabolic demands

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2
Q

state the main features of an open circulatory system

A

no blood vessels, cells are bathed in fluid

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of classification for circulatory systems?

A

open, closed, single and double

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4
Q

An insect has an open circulatory system, describe how cells in the insect obtain nutrients and discard waste

A

There is a haemocoel (cavity) in the body surrounding the tissues. A fluid called haemolymph travels around the haemocoel and transfers nutrients, taking nitrogenous waste with it

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5
Q

State 3 disadvantages of an open circulatory system

A
  • not very efficient
  • system is fixed, does not change with metabolic demand
  • haemolymph moves slowly - steep conc. gradients can not be maintained (equilibrium may be reached)
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6
Q

State the features of a closed circulatory system (4)

A
  • liquid medium to transport substances
  • blood vessels to carry blood
  • a pump to move fluid round body
  • respiratory pigment to transport oxygen
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7
Q

Describe a single circulatory system

A

in one circuit, the fluid (blood) only flows through the pump (heart) once

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8
Q

State a disadvantage of a single circulatory system

A

pressure decreases as is only moved through the pump (heart) once in a circuit

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9
Q

Describe a double circulatory system

A

in one circuit, the fluid (blood) only flows through the pump (heart) twice. once to collect oxygen from the exchange surface and the second to deposit the oxygen to the tissues

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10
Q

State 2 advantages of a double circulatory system

A
  • higher blood pressure (increased rates of blood flow, therefore able to meet higher metabolic demand)
  • blood flow can be changed (vasodilation, vasoconstriction)
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11
Q

What is the endothelium

A

one cell thick layer at the centre of blood vessels

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12
Q

How is the endothelium adapted to its function

A

one cell thick - short diffusion pathway

smooth - reduces friction, easy blood flow

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13
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in a blood vessel

A

thick muscle layer. can constrict/relax to change size of lumen

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14
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres in a blood vessel

A

made of elastin

can stretch and recoil to even out blood flow and maintain pressure

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15
Q

What happens to the lumen in vasoconstriction

A

lumen becomes smaller

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16
Q

What happens to the lumen in vasodilation

A

lumen becomes wider

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17
Q

In general arteries do/do not have valves

A

In general arteries do not have valves

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18
Q

Which arteries DO have valves

A

Pulmonary artery and aorta

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19
Q

Why do arteries, in general, not have valves?

A

Blood is under high pressure as it is leaving the heart so the blood tends not to flow backwards

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20
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

Prevents from bursting due to high pressure

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21
Q

Why do veins have small amounts of elastin

A

low pressure, therefore, no need to stretch to regulate pressure

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22
Q

In general veins do/do not have valves

A

In general arteries do have valves

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23
Q

Veinns have lots/little amount of elastin

A

Viens have little amount of elastin

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24
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

Low pressure, risk of backflow of blood, valves prevent this backflow

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25
Q

How do pocket valves in veins work?

A

Blood flowing toward heart can pass through easily, blood flowing back pushes the flaps of the valve closed so blood is prevented from flowing back any further in this direction

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26
Q

Where are muscle pumps found and what do they do?

A

around veins

contract and squeeze veins aiding flow back to heart

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27
Q

What happens at the capillaries

A

Substances exchanged between blood and tissues

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28
Q

Where are substances exchanged between blood and tissues

A

The capillaries

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29
Q

State 2 features of capillaries

A

single layer of cells

pores (fenestrations)

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30
Q

Describe how the capillaries are adapted for their function

A
  • single layer of cells - short diffusion pathway
  • pores - WBC can pass out to fight infection
  • RBCs must pass 1 by 1, maximum s.a. of contact with endothelium wall, max rate of diffusion
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31
Q

Name 5 substances that pass from blood into tissues

A
  • vitamins/minerals/ions
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • oxygen
  • hormones
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32
Q

Name 2 substances that pass from tissues into blood

A
  • CO2

- Urea

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33
Q

State 4 adaptions of RBCs

A

Biconcave
Flattened
No nucleus
Haemoglobin

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34
Q

What is the function of Haemoglobin?

A

Binds to the oxygen to transport from lungs to respiring tissues (for aerobic respiration)

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35
Q

Haemoglobin + oxygen =

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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36
Q

define affinity

A

how easily/readily Hb binds to (loads) or releases (unloads) its oxygen

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37
Q

Define association with regard to Haemoglobin

A

Hb binding to oxygen (at a gas exchange surface)

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38
Q

Define disassociation with regard to Haemoglobin

A

Hb releasing its oxygen (at respiring tissues)

39
Q

What would you expect Hb’s affinity for oxygen to be at gas exchange surfaces (eg. lungs/gills)

A

High

40
Q

What would you expect Hb’s affinity for oxygen to be respiring tissues

A

Low

41
Q

If Hb has a high affinity for oxygen, oxygen will be loaded/unloaded

A

If Hb has a high affinity for oxygen, oxygen will be loaded

42
Q

If Hb has a low affinity for oxygen, oxygen will be loaded/unloaded

A

If Hb has a low affinity for oxygen, oxygen will be unloaded

43
Q

In regards to haemoglobin, what does PO2 mean?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

44
Q

The saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is 50%. On average, how many oxygen molecules does each haemoglobin carry?

A

2

45
Q

What is the name of the shape of an oxygen dissociation curve

A

sigmoidal curve (s-shaped)

46
Q

Describe the cooperative nature of oxygen binding to Haemoglobin

A
  • when oxygen binds to 1 of the 4 bonding sites, the affinity of the remaining 3 increase
  • each molecule causes a conformational change in the Hb, exposing the haem group more for the other oxygens
  • called positive cooperation
47
Q

How does the partial pressure of CO2 change the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?

A

Reduces affinity (easier to unload)

  • CO2 is an acidic gas
  • lowers the pH
  • change in shape of haemoglobin
48
Q

How and why does foetal haemoglobin vary from normal adult haemoglobin?

A
  • foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
  • so foetal blood takes oxygen from maternal blood
  • enables foetus to survive and grow
49
Q

An oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left. How does this change the Haemoglobin?

A

Affinity for oxygen is higher

Hb loads oxygen more easily

50
Q

An oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right. How does this change the Haemoglobin?

A

Affinity for oxygen is lower

Hb loads oxygen less easily

51
Q

State the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood

A

small amount- dissolved in blood plasma
small amount- combines with amino groups in polypeptide chains in Hb to form carbaminohaemoglobin (HHb)
most-transported inside of cytoplasm of RBC to form hydrogen carbonate ions

52
Q

What is albumins role in the blood?

A

Maintains water potential

53
Q

What is fibrinogens role in the blood?

A

Essential for the clotting process

54
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The tendency for water to move in or out of the blood by osmosis due to a difference in water potential caused by proteins

55
Q

What is the role of tissue fluid?

A

Lets materials be exchanged from the blood by diffusion before diffusing into cells

56
Q

What can be exchanged between blood and tissue fluid

A

Water, oxygen, CO2, urea, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals (anything but cellular components of blood and proteins)

57
Q

net flow in the capillaries is calculated by

A

hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure

58
Q

Where does excess fluid in tissue fluid go?

A

Drained by lymphatic system, the fluid (Lymph) is returned to circulation close to the heart

59
Q

Describe 2 features of the lymphatic capillaries

A

Surrounded by muscle pumps and have valves as lynph is at low pressure trying to return to heart

60
Q

What would happen if excess tissue fluid is not drained

A

Build up of fluid would lead to swelling or Edema

61
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

A

Right

62
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from heart to body

A

Aorta

63
Q

Which vessels brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

Vena cava

64
Q

Which vessels supply the cardiac muscle with oxygen

A

Coronary arteries

65
Q

What is the septum

A

wall dividing the left and right side of the heart

66
Q

What valves are located in the ventricle and stop backflow of blood leaving the heart

A

Semilunar valve

67
Q

Where is the semilunar valve located

A

Left ventricle

68
Q

What valve is located at the bottom of the left atrium?

A

tricuspid valve

69
Q

What valve is located at the bottom of the right atrium?

A

bicuspid valve

70
Q

What is diastole and what happens to blood flow during it

A

Heart is fully relaxed and blood enters to atria and ventricles

71
Q

What happens after diastole?

A

Atrial systole

72
Q

What happens in atrial systole? (blood, pressure, valves…)

A

Muscles in atrium contract, increasing pressure, forces AV valves open, blood flows into ventricles

73
Q

What happens in ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract, increasing pressure, Av valves closed and semilunar valves open, forcing blood out of the heart

74
Q

How many systole and diastole are in one complete heartbeat

A

1 diastole, 1 atrial systole, 1 ventricular systole

75
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

76
Q

What controls our body’s steady heart rate, why?

A

The heart itself, it does not need nay external nerve input, therefore the body does not need to waste any energy maintaining a resting heart rate

77
Q

Name the 2 nodes that control our heart rate

A

Sino-atrial node

Atrioventriucular node

78
Q

What do the nodes in our heart do

A

Specialised group of muscle cells found in the wall of our right atrium that produce a wave of excitation

79
Q

Describe the role of the nodes step by step in maintaining our heart beat

A

1 – SA node produces wave of excitation that spreads over both atria causing them to contract
2 – Wave is transmitted to AV node where impulse is delayed slightly
3 – impulse passes to bundle of His (made of Purkinje fibres) that pass through septum and round ventricles causing them to contract from bottom up

80
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

81
Q

What do ECGs measure?

A

the electrical impulses in the heart

82
Q

What do P waves on ECGs signify?

A

depolarisation of the atria

83
Q

What does the QRS complex on ECGs signify?

A

depolarisation of the ventricles

84
Q

What does the T wave on an ECG signify?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

85
Q

What is bradycardia

A

An abnormally slow heart rate

86
Q

What is an abnormally slow heart rate called?

A

Bradycardia

87
Q

What is tachycardia

A

An abnormally fast heart rate

88
Q

What is an abnormally fast heart rate called?

A

Tachycardia

89
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat

A

Irregular heartbeat

90
Q

What is an irregular heartbeat called?

A

Ectopic heartbeat

91
Q

What is atrial fibrulation?

A

Atria repeatedly contracting (spasming)

92
Q

How would you recognise atrial fibrillation on an ECG trace?

A

Many small P-waves, impulses not passed on to ventricles so irregularly spaces QRS complexes

93
Q

Name the 4 layers in arteries and veins in order starting from the inside

A

Endothelium
Elastin
Smooth muscle
Collagen

Biology (17 decks)

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