Population And The Environment Flashcards
Population parameters (NCDD)
- Population Numbers: The amount of people in a defined area ( population)
- Population change: Annual growth rate of world population and considers population from a spacial perspective. The measure of natural rates (BR-DR)
- Population distribution: pattern of where people live ( by Latitude and longitude)- considers at a local and global scale
- Population density: an average result that is measured in km squared
World population change:
.The population of the world right now:
8.1billion
. The population of the world 10 years ago: 7.2 billion
. The population of the world 100 years ago: 2 billion
. The UK’s population: 67 million
. The population of the world in 2100: 10.4 billion
. Average life expectancy of the world: 71.3 years
Average life expectancy of the UK: 81 years
Natural population change
.The difference between the number of birth rates and death rates ( eliminating migration)
Vital rates
. Vital rates refer to how fast vital statists change in a population (crude rates and refined rates)
. Crude rates measured in General population
. Refined rates measured in a specific demographic
Vital rates
. Birth rates= total number of live births in 1 year divided total mid year population multiplied by 1000
. Death rates= total number of deaths in 1 year divided by total mid year population multiplied by 1000
. Infant mortality rate= number of infants under 1 year expressed per person
. Replacement rate- rate of population replacing itself
. Fertility rate- average number of children a women is expected to give birth within her lifetime
. Replacement level= number of children needed per women in order to maintain a population size ( assumes migration is zero)
. Net replacement- measure of the average number of daughters by a women in her reproductive time
Factors affecting natural population change
Social:
. African countries sometimes value a man based on how many boys they may have
. Cultures value wealth and economy over children
Economic:
. In wealthier countries there are less brith rates eg China because they abolish the 1 child policy
. Children are expensive due to inflation
Culture:
. In polygamous societies, a man might have children with more than one wife( former king of Sobhuza has 70 wives and 210 children ) ( increase birth rates)
. In many societies girls marry and start giving birth at a young age so they produce many children in their lifetime ( increas high rates
Demographic
. Countries with a high proportion of females of children bearing age will tend to have higher birth rates
Usefulness of demographic transition model
Strengths:
. Used by demographics to make future economic development change and so can inform planning
Limitations
. Does not show war and other conflict with impacts death rate
. Does not account for migration and it’s impacts on birth rate
. Fails to consider environmental limitations placed on future economic development for example meagre resources and harsh climatic conditions
Population Pyramids
. The higher the Apex the higher the life expectancy
. The wider the base the higher the birth rates
. The sides of the pyramid indicates death rates
. War and Conflict can set an A symmetry between males and females
. Government policies can set a A symmetric pyramid
. 0-14 = young dependents
. 15-64= economically active
. 65 and over= elderly dependents
Usefulness of Population Pyramids
. Divide between sex ( female and male)
. Can show fast growing economy
. Shows the DTM
. Can show the record of countries past and future
. They add the element of migration when DTM does not
Dependency ratio
The measure of level of dependancy ( the lower the ratio the more people are working to support the elderly dependent and young dependant)
Demographic dividend ( stage 3)
. The economic benefit of a country when it’s ranking population outgrown its dependents eg NEE countries like Brazil and China
Demographic dividend
. The lag time between falling death rate ( stage 2 of the DTM) subsequently reducing birth rate ( stage 3 of the DTM) may last one or two generations before parents adjust to falling infant mortality by having fewer children
. The lag period creates a generational bulge
. Fewer elderly dependents and fewer young dependents means that the dependency ratio will fall
. Workers with fewer children invest more of their income, leading to concave stability and growth
. Fewer children also means women join the workforce ( larger proportion of economically active provide growing markets)
Examples: Asian tiggers ( Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore)
Stage 1
. High death rate high birth rate
. High infant mortality rate
. Life expectancy is low ( poor health care and sanitation)
Stage 2
. Birth rate still high
. Death rate falls
. Life expectancy increases ( improved healthcare and sanitation)
Stage 3
. Birth rate declines rapidly
. Death rates fall slowly
. Birth rate falls further as women work
Stage 4
. Birth rate and death rate are low
. Population remains stable
. BR and DR fluctuate
Stage 5
. Birth rate drops below death rate
. Death rate remains steady
Cultural controls
. Effected by birth rates and fertility rates affect natural population change
. Role of a women
. Attitudes towards marriage
. Religion
. Population policies ( population growth or decline)
UK DTM stage 4
. Low birth rate and low death rate
. The size of population is changing much ( 0.5 degrees )
UK physical setting
. The Uk has temperate climate and fertile soils meaning there is lots of arable land so a reliable food supply
. Relatively high rainfall means that there is a high rainfall
. UK is low lying and flat- makes it easier to grow crops and transport resources
. Rich in natural resources ( coal, oil and minerals)- help develop a diverse economy
UK human setting
. Education is compulsory- most women don’t have children until they’ve finished education so low fertility rate (1.9)
. Female participation in the workforce is high: 70% of working age women have a job ( in 2015 the average women who had a baby was 28.6)
. 84% of women use contraception ( control how many kids a women wants)
. Access to good healthcare
Uganda DTM stage 2
. High birth rate, low death rate
. Population increasing at 3.2%
Physical setting
. Hot humid climate and has moderate amount of rainfall, making it suitable for crops such as banana’s and coffee
. Soil is not fertile, so good production is low
. Some deposits of copper, gold and other minerals as well as oil reserves ( have not been exploited yet to generate economic growth )
. A landlocked country which has limited opportunities to engage in international trade
Human setting
. The total fertility rate is high (5.8) children per women ( due to gender inequality)- women generally had less education and are less likely to be employed than men, which means they often start having children young
. Infant mortality is high because of poor medical care
. Death rates fall due to improvements in sanitation
. Even if fertility rates fall ( as Uganda reaches stage 3) it will take decades for the population to stop expanding
