Population And The Environment

Question 1

Population parameters (NCDD)

Answer 1

1. Population Numbers: The amount of people in a defined area ( population)
2. Population change: Annual growth rate of world population and considers population from a spacial perspective. The measure of natural rates (BR-DR)
3. Population distribution: pattern of where people live ( by Latitude and longitude)- considers at a local and global scale
4. Population density: an average result that is measured in km squared

Question 2

World population change:

Answer 2

.The population of the world right now:
8.1billion

. The population of the world 10 years ago: 7.2 billion

. The population of the world 100 years ago: 2 billion

. The UK’s population: 67 million

. The population of the world in 2100: 10.4 billion

. Average life expectancy of the world: 71.3 years

Average life expectancy of the UK: 81 years

Question 3

Natural population change

Answer 3

.The difference between the number of birth rates and death rates ( eliminating migration)

Question 4

Vital rates

Answer 4

. Vital rates refer to how fast vital statists change in a population (crude rates and refined rates)

. Crude rates measured in General population

. Refined rates measured in a specific demographic

Question 5

Vital rates

Answer 5

. Birth rates= total number of live births in 1 year divided total mid year population multiplied by 1000

. Death rates= total number of deaths in 1 year divided by total mid year population multiplied by 1000

. Infant mortality rate= number of infants under 1 year expressed per person

. Replacement rate- rate of population replacing itself

. Fertility rate- average number of children a women is expected to give birth within her lifetime

. Replacement level= number of children needed per women in order to maintain a population size ( assumes migration is zero)

. Net replacement- measure of the average number of daughters by a women in her reproductive time

Question 6

Factors affecting natural population change

Answer 6

Social:
. African countries sometimes value a man based on how many boys they may have
. Cultures value wealth and economy over children

Economic:
. In wealthier countries there are less brith rates eg China because they abolish the 1 child policy
. Children are expensive due to inflation

Culture:
. In polygamous societies, a man might have children with more than one wife( former king of Sobhuza has 70 wives and 210 children ) ( increase birth rates)
. In many societies girls marry and start giving birth at a young age so they produce many children in their lifetime ( increas high rates

Demographic
. Countries with a high proportion of females of children bearing age will tend to have higher birth rates

Question 7

Usefulness of demographic transition model

Answer 7

Strengths:
. Used by demographics to make future economic development change and so can inform planning

Limitations
. Does not show war and other conflict with impacts death rate
. Does not account for migration and it’s impacts on birth rate
. Fails to consider environmental limitations placed on future economic development for example meagre resources and harsh climatic conditions

Question 8

Population Pyramids

Answer 8

. The higher the Apex the higher the life expectancy
. The wider the base the higher the birth rates
. The sides of the pyramid indicates death rates
. War and Conflict can set an A symmetry between males and females
. Government policies can set a A symmetric pyramid
. 0-14 = young dependents
. 15-64= economically active
. 65 and over= elderly dependents

Question 9

Usefulness of Population Pyramids

Answer 9

. Divide between sex ( female and male)
. Can show fast growing economy
. Shows the DTM
. Can show the record of countries past and future
. They add the element of migration when DTM does not

Question 10

Dependency ratio

Answer 10

The measure of level of dependancy ( the lower the ratio the more people are working to support the elderly dependent and young dependant)

Question 11

Demographic dividend ( stage 3)

Answer 11

. The economic benefit of a country when it’s ranking population outgrown its dependents eg NEE countries like Brazil and China

Question 12

Demographic dividend

Answer 12

. The lag time between falling death rate ( stage 2 of the DTM) subsequently reducing birth rate ( stage 3 of the DTM) may last one or two generations before parents adjust to falling infant mortality by having fewer children
. The lag period creates a generational bulge
. Fewer elderly dependents and fewer young dependents means that the dependency ratio will fall
. Workers with fewer children invest more of their income, leading to concave stability and growth
. Fewer children also means women join the workforce ( larger proportion of economically active provide growing markets)

Examples: Asian tiggers ( Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore)

Question 13

Stage 1

Answer 13

. High death rate high birth rate
. High infant mortality rate
. Life expectancy is low ( poor health care and sanitation)

Question 14

Stage 2

Answer 14

. Birth rate still high
. Death rate falls
. Life expectancy increases ( improved healthcare and sanitation)

Question 15

Stage 3

Answer 15

. Birth rate declines rapidly
. Death rates fall slowly
. Birth rate falls further as women work

Question 16

Stage 4

Answer 16

. Birth rate and death rate are low
. Population remains stable
. BR and DR fluctuate

Question 17

Stage 5

Answer 17

. Birth rate drops below death rate
. Death rate remains steady

Question 18

Cultural controls

Answer 18

. Effected by birth rates and fertility rates affect natural population change
. Role of a women
. Attitudes towards marriage
. Religion
. Population policies ( population growth or decline)

Question 19

UK DTM stage 4

Answer 19

. Low birth rate and low death rate
. The size of population is changing much ( 0.5 degrees )

Question 20

UK physical setting

Answer 20

. The Uk has temperate climate and fertile soils meaning there is lots of arable land so a reliable food supply

. Relatively high rainfall means that there is a high rainfall

. UK is low lying and flat- makes it easier to grow crops and transport resources

. Rich in natural resources ( coal, oil and minerals)- help develop a diverse economy

Question 21

UK human setting

Answer 21

. Education is compulsory- most women don’t have children until they’ve finished education so low fertility rate (1.9)

. Female participation in the workforce is high: 70% of working age women have a job ( in 2015 the average women who had a baby was 28.6)

. 84% of women use contraception ( control how many kids a women wants)

. Access to good healthcare

Question 22

Uganda DTM stage 2

Answer 22

. High birth rate, low death rate
. Population increasing at 3.2%

Question 23

Physical setting

Answer 23

. Hot humid climate and has moderate amount of rainfall, making it suitable for crops such as banana’s and coffee

. Soil is not fertile, so good production is low

. Some deposits of copper, gold and other minerals as well as oil reserves ( have not been exploited yet to generate economic growth )

. A landlocked country which has limited opportunities to engage in international trade

Question 24

Human setting

Answer 24

. The total fertility rate is high (5.8) children per women ( due to gender inequality)- women generally had less education and are less likely to be employed than men, which means they often start having children young

. Infant mortality is high because of poor medical care

. Death rates fall due to improvements in sanitation

. Even if fertility rates fall ( as Uganda reaches stage 3) it will take decades for the population to stop expanding