Global Patterns Of Health, Disease And Death

Question 1

Health life expectancy ( HALE )

Answer 1

. Number of years a newborn child can expect to live in full health Without major disease

. HALE is highest in more developed countries such as the UK, USA and Australia

. HALE is lowest in less developed countries such as those in sub Saharan Africa

Question 2

Morbidity

Answer 2

Rate of disease in a population

Question 3

Morbidity indicators

Answer 3

. Prevalence- total number of cases in population at a particular time

. Incidence- the number of new cases in population during a particular time

Question 4

Morbidity pattern and infectious disease

Answer 4

. Infectious can be passed between people
. High morbidity of infectious diseases in less developed countries due to lack of clean water, sanitation and health care

Question 5

Morbidity pattern of non- communicable diseases

Answer 5

. Non communicable disease can’t be caught from someone else

. Reasons for high morbidity of non communicable disease in more developed countries:
- high proportion of older people ( due to higher life expectancy) - more people are likely to suffer from diseases e.g cancer and heart disease
- unhealthy lifestyle- increase of some diseases increase if you’re overweight, and don’t do enough exercise

Question 6

Mortality

Answer 6

. Means death
. High morbidity is associated with high mortality

Question 7

Mortality patterns

Answer 7

. More developed areas have high incidence rate than less developed areas ( as well as mortality rate )

. The percentage of cases resulting death is much lower in more developed areas than in less developed counties

. The risk of dying from a disease much higher in less developed countries due to malnutrition and poor access to healthcare

Question 8

The Epidemiological Transition model

Answer 8

. States the main cause of mortality changes from infectious diseases to non communicable diseases overtime

Question 9

Stage 1 ( age of persistance and famine )

Answer 9

. High number of deaths from infectious diseases

. Average life expectancy is low (~50)

. E.g Angola

Question 10

Stage 2 ( Âge of receding pandemics)

Answer 10

. Number of deaths from infectious diseases falls due to better living conditions and health care

. Average life expectancy starts to increase (~60)

E.g Haïti

Question 11

Stage 3 ( Âge of degenerative and man made disease)

Answer 11

. Non communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the main cause of death

. Average life expectancy continues to increase ( ~70)

. E.g Russia

Question 12

Stage 4? ( Delay of degenerative diseases?)

Answer 12

. Non communicable disease may be prevented and death rate reduced by better treatment

. Average life expectancy is high (~80)

. E.g UK

Question 13

Stages of model

Answer 13

. Malnutrition decreases due to increase in food availability- this increases the body’s ability to fight disease

. Clean water becomes more widely available and sanitation improves, deceasing spread of infectious diseases

. Better access to healthcare- people can access drugs to treat and prevent diseases

Question 14

Stage 5

Answer 14

. This the re-emergence of infectious diseases due to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria along with increase of travel and trade allowing diseases to spread more easily

Question 15

Links to DTM

Answer 15

. Can link the Demographic transition model to Epidemiological Transition

Question 16

Incidence of disease affected by environmental variables

Answer 16

. Topography
. Climate

Question 17

Precipitation

Answer 17

many disease vectors need water to survive, so there are more infectious diseases in wetter climates ( e.g ticks can carry Lyme disease)

Question 18

Temperature

Answer 18

. Many disease vectors can only survive above a certain temperature e.g mosquitoes that carrying dengue fever are only found where winter temperatures are above 10 degrees

Question 19

Extreme events ( Natural disasters)

Answer 19

. Heavy rainfall can lead to flooding, causing sewage systems to overflow. This contaminated water supply, makes water borne diseases such as cholera

Question 20

Drainage

Answer 20

Flood plains of rivers tend to have high population densities. When they flood, drinking water can be contaminated, leading to water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid

Question 21

Relief

Answer 21

Urine form infected animals b also become concentrated in areas that don’t drain well, leading to diseases such as leptospirosis

Question 22

Altitude

Answer 22

High Altitudes can increase risk of skin cancer because of increases exposure of ultraviolet rays

Question 23

Poor air quality

Answer 23

. Burning fossil fuels- respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases

. Urban areas are most likely to be affected

Question 24

Poor water quality

Answer 24

. Pathogens live in water that has been contaminated with faeces- can enter bodies through cuts, eyes and nose

. Water borne diseases such as Hepatitis A ( liver disease ) And cholera ( a bacterial infection)

. Chemical toxins from heavy metals released into the water by industries and pesticides from agricultural runoff

Question 25

International Organisations ( World Health Organisation)

Answer 25

. Advising national governments about health issues
. Working with other international bodies to limit outbreaks of infectious disease
. Monitoring deaths and diseases
. Global immunisation campaign against smallpox (1966-1980) which led to disease to be eradicated
. Helped Coordinate the response to the outbreak of Ebola in west Africa

Question 26

NGOs

Answer 26

Oxfam helped in Haiti 2010 earthquake but there was crtisism with scandal ( sex scandal from employees) and fired for gross misconduct

. Do not slow down from Buerautic factors ( political ) while International organisation do