Pool Questions 9 Flashcards
What are the mechanisms driving the effectiveness of drugs such as Viagra and Cialis?
Pills help make nitric oxide to for vasodilation Viagra: Stimulates both the formation and decreases the degradation of nitric oxide Cialis: Decreases degradation of nitric oxide
How can an STD such as Chlamydia impair pregnancy?
creates scarring in the isthmus which narrows it. Greater chance of ectopic pregnancy due to inability for fertilized embryo to make it to uterine cavity
Explain the process of a vasectomy
cut ductus deferens between two tied portions, sperm can now no longer leave body
What is the difference between primary follicles and primordial follicles?
Primary Follicle: 2+ layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, enclose oocyte Primordial Follicle: One layer of squamous-like follicle cells, surrounds oocyte
When a follicle is in its most developed stage, it is referred to as a(n) _________.
Graffian follicle
Explain the development and purpose of the corpus luteum.
After oocyte is expelled into fallopian tube, remnants of former mature follicle form luteum. Produces progesterone and some estrogen for rest of cycle
What two hormones are secreted by the pituitary glands to stimulate the female reproductive system?
FSH and LH
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of the hormones described in the previous question?
GnRH
Approximately how many days is the ovarian cycle?
28 days
Why does the scrotum descend down from the abdominal wall?
To optimize sperm production
What muscle is responsible for raising the testes?
cremaster muscle
What function does the epididymis perform?
matures and stores spermatozoa for up to 30 days
What function does the vas deferens perform?
tubule that allows movement of sperm from testes/epididymus to the ejaculatory duct which then goes to urethra
What is a vasectomy?
cutting of ductus deferens
What function does the prostate perform?
Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm
What is hyperplasia of the prostate mean?
Increase in the amount of tissue in the prostate, enlarged prostate
T/F The seminal fluid travels through the prostatic urethra
True
What is the Dartus muscle?
Layer of connective tissue found in the shaft and the scrotum. Works in conjunction with the cremaster muscle to elevate testes.
What is the ideal temperature of the testes?
33-34 degrees C or 3 degrees lower than core temperature
What happens to the testes during a hot day?
drop down away from core
What is the name of the canal the spermatic cord travels?
Inguinal Canal
Why is the inguinal canal a potential area for herniation?
The anatomic arrangement of muscular and fascial layers of the lower abdomen makes this area prone to weakness
What function does the rete of testis perform?
Gives rise to several ducts that join the epididymis, transports sperm
How many spermatozoa are produced per day?
Roughly 85 million/day per teste
What do serotoli cells produce?
Androgen-binding protein (testosterone binding globulin)
What do Leydig cells produce?
Testosterone in the presence of Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What envelopes the ovaries and fallopian tubes
Broad ligament
What is menarche?
The first menstrual cycle
How many primordial follicles are within the ovary at birth?
300-400 thousand
How many primordial follicles are released during each menses, approximately?
15-20
What is the proper maturation of the primordial follicle to an ovum?
Primordial -> primary -> secondary (graafian) ->Ovum
What function does the corpus luteum perform?
After rupturing- acts as temporary endocrine gland
T/F The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland?
true
T/F The entire uterine layer will slough off during menses
False
Which layer of uterus increases prior to menses?
Functional
Why does the functional layer increase through the menstrual cycle?
Prepare to provide nourishment if egg is fertilized
What are the phases of the Ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase (Ovulation day 14) Luteal Phase
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menstrual Phase (day 0-4)
Proliferative / Pre-Ovulatory Phase (day 4-14)
Secretory / Post-Ovulatory Phase (day 14-28)
What are fimbriae?
Fringe of tissue around the ostium of the fallopian tube, in the direction of the ovary
What is the isthmus?
Narrowest and thickest part of the fallopian tube
What triggers the sloughing off of the functional layer?
Fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, endometrial cells begin to die, weakened capillary beds
What are the areas of external genitalia?
Male: penis, scrotum Female: (vulva) mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
- Prostate Gland
- Corpus cavernosum
- Seminal Vesicle
- Epididymis
- Spermatic Cord
- Testes
- Vagina
- Cervix
- Myometrium
- Uterine cavity
- Fallopian Tube
- Fimbria
- Ovary
- Endometrium
