Pool Questions 2 Flashcards
Name the four types of cells which make up bone
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
Chondroblasts
Hematopoietic
What are the three types of skeletal cartilage.
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Which one skeletal cartilage the most abundant?
Hyaline
What is appositional growth?
growth on top; chondroblasts lay down cartilage matrix on existing cartilage
There are __named bones in the human body divided into what two groups and what four classifications?
- 206
- Axial Skelton and Appendicular skeleton
- Long, short, flat, and irregular
What are the seven functions of bones?
(Some People Might Truly Miss Being Happy) Support Protection Movement Triglyceride Storage Mineral and growth factor storage Blood cell formation Hormone production
A mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix is
Osteocytes
List the order of bone cell formation.
osteogenic bone cell
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
A very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process is defined as _____ Give an example of location.
- trochanter
2. Femur
What is the difference between the organic portion of bone and the inorganic portion of bone?
Organic: 35% of bone mass; collagen fibers, provides tensile strength, flexible
Inorganic: 65% of bone mass; calcium and phosphate complexed as hydroxyapatite, provides hardness
When during the life cycle does the epiphyses ossify?
During adolescence when growth slows/stops (childhood to adolescence)
Where does bone originate?
Mesenchyme
What is the measurement of calcium homeostasis of blood
9-11mg/100mL
Two types of friction reducing structures are:
Tendon Sheath & Bursae
T/F – Epithelial tissue is avascular
True
What are the classifications of epithelial cells (and where do you find them)?
- simple squamous epithelium- alveoli sacs (kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, and blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity - found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur)
- simple cuboidal epithelium - kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
- simple columnar epithelium- digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands, some regions of the uterus
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium - carrying ducts and ducts of large glands,ciliated lines in the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
- stratified squamous epithelium - moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
- transitional epithelium - lines of the uterus, bladder, and part of the urethra
What is a benefit of simple squamous epithelial cells, and where are they found?
- Easy diffusion and filtration
2. kidney, lungs, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
Why are stratified cells located closest to the basal membrane?
Protection as it is necessary for wear and tear
Where are cuboidal epithelial cells located?
kidney tubules, ducts & secretory portions of small glands & ovary surface
Where are columnar epithelial cells, are there more types?
They are in many locations but largely located in digestive and intestinal tract. There are both simple and pseudostratified types.
What is a pseudostratified columnar mean?
It gives off the look of stratified. It’s attached to the basal (basement) membrane. –not all reach apical surface.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium have cilia, what is the purpose of cilia and where are they most commonly found?
Purpose: used for movement of particles via mucus or other secretions.
Found: in the trachea
Transitional epithelial cells can be located where? And why?
Located in the lining of ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
-It allows for stretching of the bladder. When bladder is full, it can expand (5 layers) to hold the urine and after it is excreted, the bladder will return back to it’s original, unfilled size (10-12 layers)
What is the extracellular matrix? What is its purpose?
ECM is a fluid that contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and will determine how cells differentiate.
When the extracellular network is more rigid, what type of tissue will be more expressed?
Regular/Irregular dense connective tissue
How much energy is stored in a single adipocyte compared to stored carbohydrate?
9 compared to 4
What is an example of regular dense connective tissue?
Tendons and ligaments
What is an example of irregular dense connective tissue?
fibrous capsules of organs & joints (ie. your shoulder)
What limits the diameter of an osteon?
The envelopes form a system of lacunae and canaliculi around the mineralized matrix for the transport of metabolites; this limits the outer diameter of the osteon
T/F Volkman canals are along the longitudinal axis in bone?
False
T/F Osteoblasts are responsible for breaking down bone?
False
T/F Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone?
True
T/F Osteocytes are located within the lacunae?
True
As plasma calcium levels rise what is released?
Thyroid releases calcitonin
What function does calcitonin serve?
Decreases calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity
Why are lamellae at oblique angles?
Helps to reduce impact from all angles; torsion strength–resists fracture when there is twisting of the bone.
What comprises an osteon?
Haversian canal (nerve fiber/vein/capillaries), Volkmann’s (perforating) canal, canaliculi, lacunae, lamellae, osteocytes
T/F Hormones are blood born chemicals that have an action upon a tissue?
False
T/F Haversian canals run down the long axis of the bone?
True
What are the organic and inorganic composition percentages of bone?
Organic: 35%
Inorganic: 65%
What comprises the organic portion of bone?
collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
What comprises the inorganic portion of bone?
hydroxyapatite, calcium, & phosphate
