Fall 2012 Test 2 old questions Flashcards
Give the structure of the intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus
Describe a vertebral disc that is ruptured (herniated
Compression of nucelus pulposus ruptures annulus fibrosis
Doesn’t repair
Have continual pain, pulposus pushes against nerve, pain in L4 L5, down back of the leg (referral pain)
Have higher in the neck: numbness
Treatment-
Work with musculature to strengthen area
Remove it, spinal fusion to reduce laxity and prevent laxity of SC
Give a 3 unique characteristics of the C1 vertebra
No body or spinousis process
Have a posterior and anterior tubercle instead
Superior articular facet for head to lay
How is the C2 vertebra unique
Contains dens and has a short spinous processes
Give three characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra
Transvere foramen: blood vessels
Small Body
Spinous process, typical if bifid (4 that have it)
Define a floating rib
ribs 11-12 and do not have cartilage connecting it to the sternum or any other rib
What is Marfan syndrome and why can it be life threatening
Genetic
CT not formed as well, malformation
Loose jointed, increased flexibility, laxity
Increase Sternal angle
Deadly: causes weakness of BV, have embolism or rupture of BV under high pressure -> bursting -> death
What is your resting breathing rate?
10-12 breaths/ min
What is your maximal ventilatory rate during exercise?
50-60 breaths/min
How does the mixed fiber type composition of the diaphragm match its function?
1/3 slow. 1/3 fast oxidative glycolytic , 1/3 fast glycolytic- fits the function to adjust for different breathing rates and pressure
What is the summated surface area of all of the alveoli sacs?
80 m squared
Why is essential to have ciliated epithelia cells line the trachea
Goblet cells: produce mucus to capture foreign particles
Cilia: sweep it towards mouth and nose; active sweeping, passive recoil
Why is surfactant essential for lung function
Lipoprotein that reduces surface tension of tissues so they do not collapse on themselves
Define residual volume of the lungs
amount of air you cannot expel from your lungs
Why does fatigue of the external rotator cuff muscles allow for impingement of the tendon of the supraspinatus during prolonged periods of baseball pitching?
Teres minor and infraspinatus are weakened due to overuse
Give the tidal volume of ventilation for a person at rest and max
rest- 500mL
Max- 4800mL
Describe how the structure of the small intestine matches it function well.
vili, microvili, and plicae circularis increase the surface area for maximizing absorbtion
Describe the two structures that prevent large molecules form entering the urine during filtration of the blood by the glomerulus
glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
Describe and give the function of the extension retinaculum of the wrist
Pully wheel
Keeps tendons in tight, maintains MA through flexion and extension
Without it, tendons would bow out
Describe the palmar aponeurosis and give its functions.
Broad band of connective tissue
Trampoline like structure
Spreads force across palm; protects soft tissue; fascia
During a long day of working out side and sweating profusely, how does the kidney reduce urine volume in order to maintain plasma volume? How does the body sense its plasma volume is reduced?
Antidiuretic hormone is released- Desert rat: urinates urea crystals in order to conserve as much water as possible
Makes loop of Henle permeable to water so you take more water up
Hot day, lots of sweating, dark urine, high ADH release
Explain why prolonged periods of psychological stress may induce ulcers in the stomach?
Stress stimulates release of H+ ions without food to act on
Acidity doesn’t produce but produces environment for bacteria to make ulcers
Can get stomach or duodenal ulcers
If a kidney stone is formed and lodges in the ureter why does a person experience pain in the kidney.
It increases the pressure in the kidney
Doing a jumping jack requires you to bring your hands all the way above your head to touch together. Describe the action at the shoulder joint and at the shoulder girdle to complete the task.
Shoulder girdle- Upward rotation
Shoulder joint- abduction
Describe and give the function of the annular ligament
Holds the radius to the radial notch of the ulna - allows for pronation and supination of radius upon ulna
11 year old boys may get “Little league elbow”- explain
causes overuse of the medial epicondyle which becomes raised and sore and can break off.
Why is the maximal force of flexion at the elbow reduced with the hands in a pronated position?
Because the biceps brachii is not in direct line of pull as it is in supination
