Fall 2012 Test 2 old questions

Question 1

Give the structure of the intervertebral disc

Answer 1

Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus

Question 2

Describe a vertebral disc that is ruptured (herniated

Answer 2

Compression of nucelus pulposus ruptures annulus fibrosis
Doesn’t repair
Have continual pain, pulposus pushes against nerve, pain in L4 L5, down back of the leg (referral pain)
Have higher in the neck: numbness
Treatment-
Work with musculature to strengthen area
Remove it, spinal fusion to reduce laxity and prevent laxity of SC

Question 3

Give a 3 unique characteristics of the C1 vertebra

Answer 3

No body or spinousis process
Have a posterior and anterior tubercle instead
Superior articular facet for head to lay

Question 4

How is the C2 vertebra unique

Answer 4

Contains dens and has a short spinous processes

Question 5

Give three characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra

Answer 5

Transvere foramen: blood vessels
Small Body
Spinous process, typical if bifid (4 that have it)

Question 6

Define a floating rib

Answer 6

ribs 11-12 and do not have cartilage connecting it to the sternum or any other rib

Question 7

What is Marfan syndrome and why can it be life threatening

Answer 7

Genetic
CT not formed as well, malformation
Loose jointed, increased flexibility, laxity
Increase Sternal angle
Deadly: causes weakness of BV, have embolism or rupture of BV under high pressure -> bursting -> death

Question 8

What is your resting breathing rate?

Answer 8

10-12 breaths/ min

Question 9

What is your maximal ventilatory rate during exercise?

Answer 9

50-60 breaths/min

Question 10

How does the mixed fiber type composition of the diaphragm match its function?

Answer 10

1/3 slow. 1/3 fast oxidative glycolytic , 1/3 fast glycolytic- fits the function to adjust for different breathing rates and pressure

Question 11

What is the summated surface area of all of the alveoli sacs?

Answer 11

80 m squared

Question 12

Why is essential to have ciliated epithelia cells line the trachea

Answer 12

Goblet cells: produce mucus to capture foreign particles

Cilia: sweep it towards mouth and nose; active sweeping, passive recoil

Question 13

Why is surfactant essential for lung function

Answer 13

Lipoprotein that reduces surface tension of tissues so they do not collapse on themselves

Question 14

Define residual volume of the lungs

Answer 14

amount of air you cannot expel from your lungs

Question 15

Why does fatigue of the external rotator cuff muscles allow for impingement of the tendon of the supraspinatus during prolonged periods of baseball pitching?

Answer 15

Teres minor and infraspinatus are weakened due to overuse

Question 16

Give the tidal volume of ventilation for a person at rest and max

Answer 16

rest- 500mL

Max- 4800mL

Question 17

Describe how the structure of the small intestine matches it function well.

Answer 17

vili, microvili, and plicae circularis increase the surface area for maximizing absorbtion

Question 18

Describe the two structures that prevent large molecules form entering the urine during filtration of the blood by the glomerulus

Answer 18

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Question 19

Describe and give the function of the extension retinaculum of the wrist

Answer 19

Pully wheel
Keeps tendons in tight, maintains MA through flexion and extension
Without it, tendons would bow out

Question 20

Describe the palmar aponeurosis and give its functions.

Answer 20

Broad band of connective tissue
Trampoline like structure
Spreads force across palm; protects soft tissue; fascia

Question 21

During a long day of working out side and sweating profusely, how does the kidney reduce urine volume in order to maintain plasma volume? How does the body sense its plasma volume is reduced?

Answer 21

Antidiuretic hormone is released- Desert rat: urinates urea crystals in order to conserve as much water as possible
Makes loop of Henle permeable to water so you take more water up
Hot day, lots of sweating, dark urine, high ADH release

Question 22

Explain why prolonged periods of psychological stress may induce ulcers in the stomach?

Answer 22

Stress stimulates release of H+ ions without food to act on
Acidity doesn’t produce but produces environment for bacteria to make ulcers
Can get stomach or duodenal ulcers

Question 23

If a kidney stone is formed and lodges in the ureter why does a person experience pain in the kidney.

Answer 23

It increases the pressure in the kidney

Question 24

Doing a jumping jack requires you to bring your hands all the way above your head to touch together. Describe the action at the shoulder joint and at the shoulder girdle to complete the task.

Answer 24

Shoulder girdle- Upward rotation

Shoulder joint- abduction

Question 25

Describe and give the function of the annular ligament

Answer 25

Holds the radius to the radial notch of the ulna - allows for pronation and supination of radius upon ulna

Question 26

11 year old boys may get “Little league elbow”- explain

Answer 26

causes overuse of the medial epicondyle which becomes raised and sore and can break off.

Question 27

Why is the maximal force of flexion at the elbow reduced with the hands in a pronated position?

Answer 27

Because the biceps brachii is not in direct line of pull as it is in supination