Lab Lecture Notes: Terminology Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Arms are held at the side of the body with the palms of the hand facing forward
List the Four Planes
- Sagittal Plane
- Median Section
- Transverse Plane
- Frontal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into unequal left and right halves
Median section
Also called mid-sagittal plane; divides the body into equal left and right halves
Transverse Pane
Also called cross or horizontal plane; divides the body into upper and lower sections
Frontal Plane
Also called coronal plane; divides the body into front and back sections
Anatomical Directions: Superior
Structure is closer to head
Anatomical Direction: Inferior
Structure is closer to the feet
Anatomical Direction: Anterior/ventral
Structure is closer to front
Anatomical Direction: Posterior/Dorsal
Structure is closer to back
Anatomical Direction: Proximal
Term only used when discussing limbs; Structure is closest to median plane
Anatomical Direction: Distal
Term only used when discussing limbs; structure is farther away from median plane
Anatomical Direction: Medial
Structure is closest to midline
Anatomical Direction: Lateral
Structure is farther from midline
Anatomical Direction: Superficial
Structure is closest to surface of the body
Anatomical Direction: Deep
Structure is farther away from surface of the body
Basic Movements: Flexion
In general occurs in anterior/posterior plane; Reduces the angle between the articulating elements
Basic Movements: Extension
Also occurs in anterior/posterior plane; increases the angle between the articulating elements
Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical structure
Basic Movements: Abduction
Movement away from the midline in the frontal plane
Basic Movements: Adduction
Movement towards the midline in the frontal plane
Movement at specific Joints: Medial rotation/internal rotation
At the shoulder joint; The anterior portion of the arm rotates inward toward the trunk of the body
Movement at specific Joints: Lateral rotation/external rotation
At the shoulder joint; The anterior portion of the arm rotates outward away from the trunk of the body
Movement at specific Joints: Pronation
At the elbow joint; The distal radius rotates over the ulna to move; palm facing forward to palm facing back
Movement at specific Joints: Supination
At the elbow joint; palm facing back to palm facing forward
Movement at specific Joints: Elevation
Of the shoulder girdle; clavicle and scalpula move superiorly (shrugging)
Movement at specific Joints: Depression
Of the shoulder girdle; clavicle and scalpula move inferiorly
Movement at specific Joints: Protraction
Of the shoulder girdle; shoulder blades move away from spine; same as abduction
Movement at specific Joints: Retraction
Of the shoulder girdle; shoulder blades move towards the spine; same as adduction
Movement at specific Joints: Upward rotation
Of the shoulder girdle; the inferior angle of the shoulder blades rotate around an imaginary axis, so that the glenoid fossa is positioned more superiorly
Movement at specific Joints: Downward rotation
Of the shoulder girdle; reversal of upward rotation
Movement at specific Joints: Flexion
Of the Knee joint; lower legs moves posteriorly
Movement at specific Joints: Extension
Of the knee joint; lower leg moves anteriorly
Movement at specific Joints: Dorsiflexion
At the ankle; ankle flexes to move toes up towards the lower leg
Movement at specific Joints: Planter flexion
At the ankle; ankle extension “pointing your foot”
Movement at specific Joints: Inversion
At the ankle; also called supination; foot rolls to lateral side so the inside of the arch is visible
Movement at specific Joints: Eversion
At the ankle; also called pronation; foot rolls to the median plane
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Elevations and projections: Process
A structure that “stick outs” like a pan handle
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Elevations and projections: Ramus
An extension of bone that is typically at an angle to the “body” of the bone
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Trochanter
A large, rough-to-the-touch projection
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Tuberosity
A smaller, rough-to-touch bump
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Tubercle
A small-medium sized rounded bump, smoother surface than 1 +2
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Crest
A raised ridge of bone
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Line
also a raised ridge but typically narrower and lower than a crest
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where bones meet or articulate: Articular/auricular
describes the area or surfaces of bones that meet with other bones
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Head
rounded region at the extremity of typically a long bone
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Neck
An area just inferior to the head, a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis, may be “surgical” or “anatomical”
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Condyle
Large swellings on on either side of ends of limb bones
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Facets
Smooth, flat, oval-shaped surfaces
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Demi-facet
Small facets
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Trochlea
Smooth, rounded articulating area on humerus
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Spine
A sharp, pointed extension of bone, a type of process
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Depressions and openings: Fossa
A fairly wide and smooth, shallow, concave surface
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Foramen
A hole
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Fissure
A long crack or valley
Bone Landmark Terminology:
Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Sinus
On the skull exterior appears as small discrete hole; a chamber within bone, filled with air
Muscle Terminology: Origin
Where we consider the muscle to begin. Usually remains stationary when the muscle contracts so that the insertion moves closer to the origin; More proximal than the insertion
Muscle Terminology: Insertion
Describes the point where the muscle joins in order to move a particular bone/bone set
Muscle Terminology: Action
Describes the movement which results from concentric contraction of a particular muscle
Muscle Terminology: P.M.
abbreviation for prime mover; is a muscle that is primarily responsible for performing a listed movement
Muscle Terminology: Antagonist
The prime mover for an action which is the opposite of the movement performed by the prime mover under consideration
Muscle Terminology: Synergists
Muscles which assist the prime mover
