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Anatomy > Pool Question 8 > Flashcards

Pool Question 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of Hemorrhoids

A

Constipation and/or straining at bowel movements causes an increased pressure and the hemorrhoidal veins start to swell

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2
Q

What substance is secreted by parietal cells?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

What is the “filtering” component of the kidneys

A

The renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron and consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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5
Q

The outer portion of the kidney is called

A

renal cortex

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6
Q

Path of blood filtration

A

Glomerulus → proximal convoluted tubule → descending loop of Henle → ascending loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

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7
Q

Most of the urine consists of what substance?

A

95% water

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8
Q

What is the difference between adult onset diabetes and juvenile diabetes?

A

Adult Onset Diabetes: increased insulin resistance of cells

Juvenile Diabetes: the body does not produce insulin/enough insulin

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9
Q

Where does most reabsorption take place?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

What is Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) and how does it work?

A

ADH is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that regulates the reabsorption of water by contracting the arteries and capillaries so it is easier for the water to be reabsorbed.

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11
Q

What is the normal range of glucose measurement?

A

80 mg/dL to 120 mg/dL

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12
Q

Diuretics work by blocking what?

A

Block Na+ reabsorption

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13
Q

How do kidney stones develop?

A

Kidney stones form when urine becomes highly concentrated due to low urine volume or high concentration of stone promoters.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Epididymis?

A

Mature and store sperm cells

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15
Q

What makes males more susceptible to hernia?

A

Men are more susceptible because of the residual weakness of the inguinal ring area, which is the area where man’s testicles descend

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16
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Covers and moves testes to promote healthy and mobile sperm
Helps regulate the temperature of the testes by pulling them up in cold conditions and allowing them to hang lower in hot conditions
Pull the testes up toward the body to protect them in a dangerous situation

17
Q

What are the three parts of glomerular filtration?

A

Endothelium: lines the glomerular capillaries and is fenestrated, meaning that there are pores that penetrate through the endothelial cell
Glomerular basement membrane: a shared basement membrane between the two epithelia
Podocytes: within the outer epithelium and are cells with elaborate interdigitating processes known as foot processes

18
Q

When is the environment of the stomach the most acidic?

A

When high protein and fats foods have been ingested. It is most acidic in order to release most pepsin to chemically digest said proteins which also require the acidity for mechanical digestion

19
Q

What is the acidity of the stomach with food in it?

A

2 - 3.5

20
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

21
Q

What substance is released in the mouth that breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase

22
Q

What is the difference between a physiological and an anatomical sphincter? Give an example of each.

A

Physiological: increased thickness of existing muscle Ex: cardiac sphincter
Anatomical: additional layer of muscle for the purpose of contracting a passageway closed Ex: pyloric sphincter

23
Q

What makes the layers of tissue around the stomach unique compared to the rest of the alimentary canal?

A

The stomach has an inner oblique layer within the muscularis externa that is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food (part of mechanical digestion)

24
Q

What is the function of rugae?

A

Aids in distension of stomach for mechanical digestion

25
Q

What are the structural modifications of the small intestine that aid in absorption of nutrients?

A

Great length, villi, and microvilli; which all work together to increase surface area in order to maximize absorption and contain digestive enzymes

26
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water, minerals, and some vitamin production

27
Q

What are haustra?

A

Sections of large intestine which contract for compaction of waste

28
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Chronic inflammation of the bowel caused by an autoimmune disease where the body creates antibodies to its own tissues and breaks down and causes ulcerations in the endothelial layer of the large intestine. It leads to violent cases of diarrhea and thus electrolyte imbalance and dehydration.
It flares up and then subsides regularly

29
Q

How much blood per minute do the kidneys receive?

A

About 1 liter

30
Q

What makes kidney stones painful?

A

The blockage can lead to increased pressure in the kidney which causes pain.

31
Q

What is blood in the urine an indication of?

A

Lack of proper filtration through renal corpuscle

32
Q

What is filtration in the kidneys dependent upon?

A

Filtration of blood is dependent on the size of the molecules
No large molecules, such as blood, should be in urine because blood/hemoglobin is too large of a molecule to go through filtration process of glomeruli

33
Q

What is the function of the trigone?

A

Smooth triangular region that, once expanded, sends signals to the brain that the bladder needs to be emptied

34
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

Smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder that remains relaxed to allow the bladder to fill and store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine.

35
Q

What type of epithelia is the bladder made out of?

A

Transitional epithelial (which allows expansion of the bladder when it is filling with urine)

36
Q

Which of the urinary sphincters is under autonomic control? Somatic?

A

Autonomic: internal urethral sphincter
Located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder. The internal sphincter is a continuation of the detrusor muscle and is therefore under involuntary or autonomic control. This is the primary muscle for prohibiting the release of urine.
Somatic: external urethral sphincter
Located at the distal, inferior end of the bladder and is a secondary sphincter to control the flow of urine through the urethra. The external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is therefore under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system.

37
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

38
Q

Where does blood leaving your digestive system go?

A

Liver

39
Q

What is the function of kidneys?

A

Removes/filters waste products (urea, ammonia, etc.) from blood and regulates water fluid levels. Also converts vitamin D to active form, conserves blood volume, acid-base balance, and excrete nitrogenous wastes

Anatomy (17 decks)

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