Pool Questions 5

Question 1

How many pairs of costal cartilage articulate with the sternum?

Answer 1

7

Question 2

The Coracoid Process is (superior or inferior) to the Glenoid Fossa?

Answer 2

Superior

Question 3

What are the five components of the sternum?

Answer 3

1) jugular notch 2) manubrium 3) angle 4) body 5) xiphoid process

Question 4

Which ribs are referred to as the “true ribs”?

Answer 4

1-7

Question 5

The five bony markings of the rib are:

Answer 5

1) shaft 2) costal groove 3) head 4) neck 5) tubercle

Question 6

The pubic symphysis is (superior or inferior) to the pubic crest?

Answer 6

Inferior

Question 7

The ischial spine is (lateral or medial) to the acetabulum?

Answer 7

medial

Question 8

What makes Thoracic vertebra different from the other vertebra?

Answer 8

Thoracic vertebra have facets for rib articulation

Question 9

Which vertebra is referred to as the axis?

Answer 9

C2

Question 10

What are the two forms of cardiac hypertrophy, and how are they different?

Answer 10

Pressure Overload-

• High after load
• Increased pressure for left ventricle to work against
• Increased mass of left ventricle
• Sarcomeres in parallel
• No increase in left ventricle volume
• Can lead to inadequate perfusion of left ventricle and conductance problems

Volume Overload (occurs in endurance trained individuals)

• Large volume of muscle mass involved
• Demand for large volume of blood to be pumped
• “Left Ventricular Hypertrophy”
• Sarcomeres in series
• Increased volume of left ventricle leads to an increased thickness of left ventricle in proportion to increased radius of left ventricle
• Law of Laplace - increased radius → increased tension on walls → growth

Question 11

The endothelium of our blood vessels is made up of what kind of tissue? Why?

Answer 11

simple squamous epithelium is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart, and its flat cells fit closely together, forming a slick surface that minimizes friction as blood moves through the lumen.

Question 12

Arteries have an elastic layer whereas veins do not. Why is this?

Answer 12

The blood pressure in arteries must be at a very high level in order to reach the extremities of the body. The elastic layer of arteries helps maintain high pressure and smoothes out pressure surges from the heart. In veins, friction and resistance means the blood pressure is reduced, so there is not enough to create a recoil action and thus there is simply no need for a thick elastic wall.

Question 13

What is the cause of varicose veins?

Answer 13

Veins have pairs of leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards and when veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work. This allows blood to flow backwards and the veins become enlarged.

Question 14

What is the purpose of precapillary sphincters?

Answer 14

adjust blood flow into capillaries by opening and closing the entrance to the capillary.

Question 15

How does local and neural factors and sympathetic stimulation affect precapillary sphincters?

Answer 15

the sphincters will constrict and shunt the blood away from things like our digestive tract and take them to our skeletal muscles

Question 16

What is the redistribution of blood flow called?

Answer 16

Shunting / Accommodation

Question 17

Why does a trained persons HR differ from an untrained person’s HR at rest?

Answer 17

A trained person can achieve the same cardiac output (Q) with a lower HR because they have a larger stroke volume. Their heart is more efficient with each beat, and thus does not need to beat as much/often

Question 18

What is the difference between veins and arteries? (Hint: tunica interna, tunica medias, tunica externa)

Answer 18

Tunica Interna: narrow and regular in arteries and irregular in veins Tunica Media: thick in arteries and thin in veins Tunica Externa: thin in arteries and thick in veins

Question 19

What is the equation 1 / r^4 in reference to?

Answer 19

The idea that resistance is proportional to the inverse of radius of the coronary arteries to the power of 4 (radius of the arteries and resistance levels in the arteries are inversely related) increased radius = decreased resistance decreased radius = increased resistance

Question 20

Identify the following markings of the vertebra

Answer 20

1: body 3: transverse foramen 4: anterior tubercle (of the transverse process) 5: posterior tubercle (of the transverse process) 6: lamina 7: spinous process 8: inferior articular process 9: superior articular process 10: pedicle 11: transverse process