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Kirstys Flashcards > PMB: internal microbial Flora > Flashcards

PMB: internal microbial Flora Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of internal microflora areas?

A

The digestive tract, respiratory tract and urogenital tract have direct contact with the outside of the body

They also have their own microbial community

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2
Q

Why is the oral tract a good enviroment for microbial growth?

A
  • Constant temp
  • Moist enviroment
  • readily available nutrients
  • Range of surfaces for attachment
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3
Q

What is a risk for microbes in the mouth and how ia this solved?

A
  • Ingestion of food and drink may lead to washing away of microbes
  • Attach to surfaces and form biofilm - larger entity
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4
Q

What are examples of attachementsites in the oral cavity?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tounge
  • Epithelial cells
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5
Q

What is an example of a biofilm in the mouth?

A
  • PLaque
  • Can be shed to some extent by coughing/ talking
  • Plays a role in tooth decay and halitosis
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6
Q

What are examples of bacteria found in the mouth?

A
  • Streptococcus mutans
  • Streptococcus sobrinus
  • Fusobacterium spp.
  • Porphyromonas spp.
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7
Q

What makes the nasal/respiratory tract an ideal enviroment for microbes?

A
  • Moist
  • Constant temp
  • Nutreitns from secretions
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8
Q

How do microbes enter the nasal/ respiratory tract?

A

By inhalation or the mouth serves as a point of contact via pharynx

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9
Q

Examples of bacteria in the nasal/ respiratory tract

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Corynebacterium diphtheria
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10
Q

Describe the spread of microbes across the nasal/ respiratry tract.

Why is this?

A
  • The upper part of the respiratory tract contains a relatively large biodiversity level
  • The lower tract and lungs gets less exposure to microbes
  • Clearance mechanisms are effective at preventing many microbes getting further down
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11
Q

Are respiratory microbes harmful/

A
  • The issue is more complicated due to the variation within a species
  • Some of the species can be part of the normal population but there may be harmful strains
  • Some may only affect compromised individuals
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12
Q
  1. What pH is the stomach?
  2. How are these microbes passed?
A
  1. 1.5-2
  2. person to person or by food
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13
Q

Where do probioitics work best?

What needs to be ensured when manufacturing these?

A

Note that many of the probiotic microbes available act best in the lower gut – but have to survive the acidic conditions of the stomach to get there

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14
Q

What is an example of a species which prefers this acidic enviroment?

What is it commonly responsible for?

Describe how it works

A

Helicoobacter pylori - gastric ulcers

Once into the stomach Helicobacter can colonise the mucosal surfaces

Once attached it can cause inflammation and then ulceration

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15
Q

Why does the microbial population of the small intestine change?

A

The microbial community of the small intestine changes due to a number of variables:

  • Age
  • Diet
  • Geographical distribution
  • Antibiotic exposure
  • Health
  • pH
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16
Q

The large intestine (mainly colon) is dense with microorganisms.

Desribe th organisms in the hindgut portion

A
  • numberous species
  • very diverse
  • pH ~ neutral (4-7)
  • Many obligate anaerobes - O2 toxic to them
17
Q

Relationship between the microorganisms in the large intestine is symbiotic. What does this mean?

A

Human supplies nutrients and bacteria help to break down food and also synthesize molecules such as some vitamins

18
Q

Why do the microorganisms in the large instestine change in number and composition with age?

A
  • Microbial numbers and composition change with age
  • Potential links to increased predisposition to diarrhoea in the elderly
19
Q

What else other than age causes the microogranisms to change>

A
  • Composition of diet can impact on microbial community – percentage of each one at least
  • Vegetarian diet versus those that eat meat
  • Differences in those eating red meat versus those eating white meat
20
Q

What do probiotics do?

A

Enhance digestive efficency

21
Q

Where there are problems with the microbial community of the colon what can be done?

A

Where there are problems with the microbial community of the colon it is possible to obtain faecal transplants

Could be easier than introducing via the mouth

22
Q
  1. Why is the rectal microbial population large?
  2. What do bacteria here produce?
A
  1. The rectal bacterial population is very dense – due to water being reabsorbed
  2. Bacterial population produce a number of metabolites
  • Hydrogen sulphide
  • Methane
  • Hydrogen
  • Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
23
Q

Note:

A

Around a third of faecal matter is made up of bacteria

Defecated pathogens can then cause infection via faecal-oral transfer

C. difficile infections are a major problem – particularly antibiotic resistant strains

Kirstys Flashcards (116 decks)

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