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Kirstys Flashcards > BMP: Introduction to Lipids > Flashcards

BMP: Introduction to Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Lipid?

A

A biological molecule soluble in an organic solvent (e.g. ethanol, hexane)

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2
Q

What is a fat?

A

A fat is a moleulce which is solid at room temperature and is soluble in an organic solvent

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3
Q

What is an oil?

A

A molecule which is liquid at room temperature and soluble in an organci solvent

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4
Q

What are the 4 main functions of lipids in the body?

A
  1. Some vitamins are lipids or lipid derrivatives
  2. Some act as an energy reserve and providr insulation
  3. Some are stuctural elements of biological membrane
  4. Some (e.g. bile acids) help to solublize other lipids during digestion
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5
Q

What is the general structure of a lipid?

A

Polar hydrophillic head and hydrophobic non-polar tail

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6
Q

What is a special property of lipids?

A
  • They are amphipathic - have both hydrophillic and hydrophobic components
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7
Q

What different structures/ arrangements of lipids are possible?

A
  • Monolayer
  • Micelles
  • Bilayer: membrane
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8
Q

How is a micelle formed?

A

Vigourous mixing of water/lipid layer

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9
Q

What properties are there of a bilayer? What forces occur?

A
  • Polar heads heavily hydrated
  • hydrophibic tails arranged roughly parralel
  • Interaction is van der waal forces
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10
Q

What types of lipids is there?

A
  1. Fatty Acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Phospholipids
    • Sphingolipids
    • Phosphoglycerides
  4. Glycosphingolipids
  5. Cholesterol
    • Bile acids
    • Steriod hormones
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11
Q

What are Fatty acids?

A

Hydrocarbon chains with a terminal carboxylic acid group

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12
Q
  1. Is FA an acid or a base? Why?
  2. What happens at physiological pH?
A
  1. Weak acid due to the carboxylic acid group
  2. As its pKa is arounf 4.5, at physiological pH (7.4) it is ionised and amphipathic)
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13
Q

What can be said about the hydrocarbon chains or FA?

A
  • Can vary in length but long chained (16-18C) most common
  • Vary in satuartion:
    • Saturated:
      • Stearic acid (18:0)
      • Capric acid
      • Palmitic acid
    • Monounsaturated:
      • Oleic acid (18:1)
    • Polyunsaturated:
      • Linoleic acid (18:2/3)
      • Arachidonic acid (20:4)
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14
Q

What is the configuration around double bonds in FAs? why is this important?

A

Normally cis.

Each cis double bond exerts a bend in the hydrocarbon chain

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15
Q

What do the FA triglcerides function as?

A

Act as insulation

Act as an energy reserve

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16
Q
  1. What are essential FAs?
  2. Give examples
  3. Why are these important
A
  1. FAs which can’t be synthesised in the body and must be obtained from the diet
  2. Linoleic and linolenic acid
  3. Important in infant development
17
Q

How do lipids travel in the body? Why?

A

Low solubility therefore carried in blood by albumin - plasma protein

18
Q
  1. What is the difference in FAs as an energy source comparered to proteins and carbohydarates
  2. What can FA be used for?
  3. Are FA present in the tissues?
A
  1. Provide more E
  2. Precursors for other lipids
  3. low levels
19
Q

What are triglycerides?

What are they also known as?

What FAs can be used?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Glycerol molecule covaently bonded by an ester linkage to 3 FAs
  3. All the same or different
20
Q

How do natural fats melt and why?

A

over a broad range due to having a range of triglycerides

21
Q

Where are triglycerides generally stored?

What is the function of this cell?

A
  1. cytoplasm of adipose cells
  2. Specialised in the synthesis and storage of TGs and mobilisation into fuel moeulces which are transported to tissues in the blood
22
Q

What are lipid constiturnts of biological membranes?

A
  • Polar, ionic compound composed of an alcohol attached by a phosphodiester bridge to either diacyliglycerol or sphingosine
23
Q

What are the properties of a phopholipid and what it consists of

Where does the lipid interact with in the membrane

A
  • amphipathic
  • Polar head = phosphate group and whatever attachec
  • hydrophobic tail = hydrocarbon tai
  • hydrophobic part assoicates with non-polar regions of membranen e.g. cholsetol, proteins, glycolipids and sphingosine
24
Q

What is the structure of a phosphoglyceride like?

Where are these structures found?

A

•Are the major class of phospholipids which make up a large proportion of the membrane in mammals, bacteria and plants

25
Q

How does the naming system work if the alcohol attached is the following

  1. Serine
  2. Choline
  3. Ethanolamine
  4. Glycerol
  5. Inositol
A
  1. Serine “ Phosphatidylserine
  2. Choline “ Phosphatidylcholine
  3. Ethanolamine “ Phoshatidylethanolamine
  4. Glycerol “ Phosptidylglycerol
  5. Inositol “ Phospatidylinositol
26
Q

What are sphingolipids

A
  • Are not derived from glycerol
  • Backbone of sphingolipids is sphingosine, an amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon tail
27
Q

What are types of sphingolipids?

A
  • If a fatty acid is linked via an amide bond to the amino group of sphingosine, a ceramide is obtained.
  • Further additions to the hydroxyl group leads to a variety of other membrane lipids:

–One important example is sphingomyelin, which is highly concentrated in the brain and nervous tissue.

In sphingomyelin one hydroxyl

28
Q

What are glycosphingolipids

A
  • •In glycosphingolipids, the alcohol group of sphingosine is attached to one or more sugar molecules, usually glucose or galactose.
  • •Note that they do no contain phosphate and therefore are not classed as phospholipids.
  • •The simplest glycosphingolipids are Cerebrosides – in which there is only one sugar molecule attached
    • These are usually found in brain and neuronal tissue
  • More complex glycolipids, such as gangliosides, contain a branched chain of up to 7 sugar residues.
    • These are normally found in nerve tissue.
29
Q

What is cholesterol

A
  • Cholesterol is a member of a large group of substance called steroids.
  • A steroidal compound contains a fused ring system, labelled A, B, C and D.
  • Cholesterol is incorporated into cell membranes as it gives them rigidity.
30
Q

What are eamples of cholestrol derivatives

A
  • Steroid hormones
    • Sex steroid hormones
      • e.g. progesterone, tesosterone
    • Mineralocoritcoids:
      • aldosterone
    • Coricosteriods
      • Cortisol
  • Bile salts
    • Polar derivatives of cholesterol
    • Act as detergents in the small intestine to aid digestion of fats
    • The major mammalian bile salt is glycocholate:

Kirstys Flashcards (116 decks)

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