Pleura and lungs Flashcards
Bronchus cross section elements (4)
trachelais muscle, lumen, cartilaginous rings, osophagus posteriorly
bronchial tree elements (9)
cartilaginous rings, hilum, left main bronchus, right main bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, lower border of larynx/cricoid cartilage, bifurcation at T4/T5
How many orders of branching to alveoli
25
Why is there branching to alveoli
gas exchange
elements of branching to alveoli (6)
bronchi, bronchiole, cartilage loss, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli
what occurs in asthma
spasms of smooth muscle in lower airways and bronchioles
Triggers of asthma (4)
pollen, mold, dust mites, pet dander
Lung elements (11)
right lung, left lung,oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, apex, superior lobe, inferior lobe, cardiac notch
types of blood supply to lungs (2)
pulmonary and bronchial
blood supply for respiratory gas exchange
pulmonary
pulmonary blood supply consists of (2)
pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
what branching pattern does pulmonary blood supply follow
same as airway branching pattern
Pulmonary artery position
anterior and superior (ASP)
Pulmonary vein position
inferior and anterior (VIA)
blood supply for lung parenchyma
bronchial
where do bronchial arteries branch off
descending aorta
where do bronchial veins feed into for right lung
azygous vein
where do bronchial veins feed into for left lung
hemiazygous vein
what shape are bronchopulmonary segments
pyramid
bronchopumonary segment apex location
hilum
brochopulmonary segment base location
lung surface
what supplies bronchopulmonary segments (3)
segmental bronchi, artery and vein
what do bronchopulmonary segments represent
functionally disctinct lung zones
what happens if a bronchopulmonary segment is resected in surgery
no disruption to other lung units
how did physiotherapy used to clear specific bronchopulmonary segments
patient positioning
right lung medial surface elements (anterior to posterior) (9)
oblique fissure, phrenic nerve, apex, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, brochial arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary ligament, lobar bronchi, vagus nerve
right lung surface indentations (5)
azygous vein, right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, shallow cardiac impression, diaphragm
Sympathetic innervation of the lungs
spinal cord and sympathetic chain segments of T1-T4
sympathetic innervation role
bronchodilation
parasympathetic innervation of the lungs
vagus nerve
parasympathetic innervation motor role
bronchoconstriction
Visceral sensory nerves to the lungs
sympathetic are nociceptive and parasympathetic is reflex (eg. cough)
Lung lymphatic elements (5)
tracheal nodes, bronchomediastinal trunk, deep pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels in peripheral pleura, hilar bronchopulmonary nodes
what lymph nodes are visible in the hilar
brronchopulmonary nodes
what lymph vessels are visible in the lung
visceral pleura lymph vessels
what is the pleura
closed double layer membrane surrounding viscera
lung pleura elements (9)
pleural cavity, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, cosodiaphragmatic recess, costal surface, diaphragmatic surface, mediastinal surface, pulmonary ligament
early development lung elements (5)
space, viscera, cells lining space/membrane, body wall, double layered membrane
as fetus’ viscera grows the membrane does what to the organ
surrounds it
elements of developing viscera (3)
visceral body, double layer membrane, space
outside layer of double layer membrane
parietal layer
inside layer of double layer membrane
visceral layer
space between parietal and visceral layer contains
fluid
reflections of the parietal and visceral layers produce
ligaments
lung surfaces (3)
costal, diphragmatic, mediastinal
space between parietal and visceral pleura
pleural cavity
outer pleura
parietal pleura
inner pleura
visceral pleura
pouching of pleura seen in coronal plane
costodiphragmatic recess
pouching of pleura seen in transverse plane
costomediastinal recess
connecting right and left lung
pulmonary ligament
sensory nerve supply to parietal pleura (2)
intercostal nerves and phrenic
sensory nerve supply to visceral pleura
sympathetic
sensory nerve supply to lung
sympathetic
why is there only a potential pleural cavity
surface tension
what happens if lung surface tension is broken
lung recoil
what is inferior to the costodiphragmatic recess
diaphragm
what causes pulmonary collapse
substance entering pleural cavity
common causes of pulmonary collapse (2)
pneumothorax or haemothorax
what is in pleural cavity in a pneumothorax
air
what is in the pleural cavity in haemothorax
blood
what happens in a small pneumothorax
air collects between lung and chest wall
what happens in a large pneumothorax
pushes on lung and heart
how is a large pneumothorax treated
air removed with a syringe and needle in a 3 way tap
what area of the lung is prone to injury
apex
where is lung apex located
superiorly
if the heart is pushed to one side in a scan what could it indicate
pneumothorax
