Pleura and lungs

Question 1

what are the 3 divisions of the thorax

Answer 1

right hemithorax
left hemithorax
mediastinum

Question 2

what is the parietal pleura

Answer 2

lines the pulmonary cavity

Question 3

what are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 3

cervical
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal

Question 4

what is the visceral pleura

Answer 4

covers the surface of the lungs

Question 5

are the visceral and parietal pleura continuous

Answer 5

yes, continuous at the lung root/hilum

Question 6

what is the pulmonary ligament

Answer 6

sleeve of pleura handing down below lung root

Question 7

what is the function of the pulmonary ligament

Answer 7

allows expansion of vessels of the lung hilum e.g. during exercise

Question 8

how does the pulmonary ligament allow expansion of vessels of the lung hilum

Answer 8

if it wasnt there expanding vessels would cause tension in the pleura covering them and potentially tear pleura

Question 9

what is the endothoracic fascia

Answer 9

layer of connective tissue that attaches costal parietal pleura to thoracic wall

Question 10

the endothoracic fascia is continuous with what

Answer 10

fibrous suprapleural membrane

Question 11

where does the suprapleural membrane attach

Answer 11

1st rib and transverse process of C7

Question 12

what is the function of the suprapleural membrane

Answer 12

prevents expansion of lungs up into neck

Question 13

the surface markings of the lungs are described when

Answer 13

at mid-inspiration

Question 14

where do the lungs/visceral pleura end in the mid-clavicular line

Answer 14

rib 6

Question 15

where do the lungs/visceral pleura end in the mid-axillary line

Answer 15

rib 8

Question 16

where do the lungs/visceral pleura end in the scapular line

Answer 16

rib 10

Question 17

what are the surface markings of the lungs/visceral pleura

Answer 17

MCL: rib 6
MAL: rib 8
SL: rib 10

Question 18

do the parietal pleura change position with inspiration

Answer 18

no

Question 19

do the lungs/visceral pleura change position with inspiration

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

the parietal pleura is usually _ ribs below the level of the lungs

Answer 20

2

Question 21

where does the parietal pleura end in the mid-clavicular line

Answer 21

rib 8

Question 22

where does the parietal pleura end in the mid-axillary line

Answer 22

rib 10

Question 23

where does the parietal pleura end in the scapular line

Answer 23

rib 12

Question 24

what are the surface markings of the parietal pleura

Answer 24

MCL: rib 8
MAL: rib 10
SL: rib 12

Question 25

name 2 recesses formed by extensions of the parietal pleura

Answer 25

1) costo-diaphragmatic recesses: parietal pleura extends over dome of diaphragm 2) costo-mediastinal recesses: found posterior to the sternum

Question 26

the costo-mediastinal recesses are larger on the left - why?

Answer 26

large cardiac impression

Question 27

describe the shape of the lungs

Answer 27

pyramidal with a rounded apex

Question 28

name the 3 surfaces of the lung

Answer 28

costal diaphragmatic mediastinal

Question 29

the lateral surface of the lung is the

Answer 29

costal - surface adjacent to the thoracic wall

Question 30

the inferior surface of the lung is the

Answer 30

diaphragmatic

Question 31

the medial surface of the lung is the

Answer 31

mediastinal

Question 32

what separates the surfaces of the lungs

Answer 32

anterior, posterior and inferior borders

Question 33

how many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 33

3

Question 34

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 34

2 (some degree of variation)

Question 35

name the fissure of the left lung

Answer 35

oblique

Question 36

name the fissures of the right lung

Answer 36

oblique fissure and horizontal (transverse) fissure

Question 37

in the right lung, the oblique fissure separates what

Answer 37

superior and inferior lobe

Question 38

in the right lung, the horizontal fissure separates what

Answer 38

superior and middle lobe

Question 39

the cardiac impression on the right lung is made by what

Answer 39

right atrium

Question 40

is the cardiac impression larger on the right or left lung

Answer 40

left

Question 41

where are the pulmonary veins found in the hilum of the lung

Answer 41

anteriorly and inferiorly (always at least 2)

Question 42

where are the pulmonary arteries found in the hilum of the lung

Answer 42

superiorly (Arteries are Away up high)

Question 43

where is the bronchus found in the hilum of the lung

Answer 43

posteriorly (Bronchus at the Back)

Question 44

how is the bronchus identifiable to touch

Answer 44

can feel cartilage within the wall

Question 45

what is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the left lung

Answer 45

lingula

Question 46

the cardiac impression of the left lung is caused by what

Answer 46

left ventricle

Question 47

does the number of lobes guarantee correct identification

Answer 47

no - some variation - reason orientation at hilum is important

Question 48

relations of the right lung are quite venous/arterial relations of the left lung are quire venous/arterial

Answer 48

right lung - venous relations left lung - arterial relations

Question 49

what venous structures make impressions on the right lung

Answer 49

SVC arch of azygous vein azygous vein

Question 50

what arterial structures make impressions on the left lung

Answer 50

arch of aorta left subclavian artery descending aorta

Question 51

the vagus nerve always travels ____ to lung hilum

Answer 51

posterior

Question 52

the phrenic nerve always travels ____ to lung hilum

Answer 52

anterior

Question 53

describe the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 53

comes off vagus nerve, wraps under the arch of the aorta and heads back up to the neck to supply structures within larynx

Question 54

where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 54

sternal angle

Question 55

the trachea bifurcates into

Answer 55

right and left main bronchus

Question 56

the right main bronchus gives off...

Answer 56

3 lobar bronchi (superior middle and inferior)

Question 57

the left main bronchus gives off ...

Answer 57

2 lobar bronchi (superior and inferior)

Question 58

lobar bronchi subdivide into...

Answer 58

segmental bronchi

Question 59

in the left lung, there are _ segments assoc. with the superior lobe and _ with the inferior lobe

Answer 59

5 with superior 5 with inferior

Question 60

in the right lung, there are _ segments assoc. with the superior lobe, _ with middle and _ with lower

Answer 60

3 with superior 2 with middle 5 with lower

Question 61

what will each segment of a lung have

Answer 61

a segmental bronchus that will provide air a single branch of pulmonary vein and artery

Question 62

each segmental bronchus divides into

Answer 62

many bronchioles

Question 63

as you move down the airway how do the bronchioles change

Answer 63

conducting --> terminal --> respiratory

Question 64

where does gaseous exchange occur in the lung

Answer 64

alveolar sac

Question 65

describe the blood supply of the alveolar sac

Answer 65

profuse capillary network

Question 66

how are alveolar sacs connected to bronchi

Answer 66

respiratory bronchioles attach via alveolar duct

Question 67

what is the name of the lymph nodes assoc. with branches of airway within the lung

Answer 67

pulmonary nodes

Question 68

after pulmonary nodes, what nodes are there as you move towards the hilum

Answer 68

bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes

Question 69

what nodes surround the point of bifurcation

Answer 69

tracheobronchial (carinal) nodes - superior and inferior

Question 70

what are the nodes called along the trachea

Answer 70

paratracheal nodes