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Regional Anatomy 1 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

how do mobility and stability relate

A

the more mobile a joint the less stable and vice versa

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2
Q

describe a fibrous joint

A

uses dense fibrous connective tissue to hold the bones firmly together

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3
Q

the joints between the bones of the skull are

A

fibrous joints

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4
Q

what are the fibrous joints in the skull called

A

sutures

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5
Q

what is a syndesmosis

A

type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue - partially moveable

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6
Q

give an example of a syndesmosis

A

interosseous membrane in the forearm that joins the radius and ulna

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7
Q

what is the name of the fibrous joint that holds a tooth into its socket

A

gomphosis (dento-alveolar syndesmosis)

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

primary and secondary

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9
Q

what is another name for a primary cartilaginous joint

A

synchondroses

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10
Q

when are primary cartilaginous joints seen

A

during bone development

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11
Q

what unites the bones in primary cartilaginous joints

A

hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

A

epiphyseal plates - bone epiphysis and shaft are joined by an epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

what happens to the epiphyseal plate when full growth is achieved

A

epiphyseal plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuses with the diaphysis (PCJ disappears)

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14
Q

give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint that persists in adulthood

A

between first rib and sternum

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15
Q

is there much movement in a primary cartilaginous joint

A

very little - slight bending in early life and permits growth in the length of a bone

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16
Q

what is another name for a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

symphyses

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17
Q

give 2 examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

A
  • between bodies of vertebra
  • between bodies of pubic bones of pelvis
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18
Q

what is the function of the intervertebral disc joints

A

provide strength and shock absorption as well as considerable flexibility to the vertebral column

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19
Q

compare the joint surface of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints

A

primary - small layer of cartilage between bones
secondary - thin layer of cartilage and a fibrous cartilaginous disc

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20
Q

describe a synovial joint

A

joint capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane

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21
Q

what is the function of the synovial membrane

A

secretes lubricating synovial fluid

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22
Q

what kind of cartilage lines the bones in a synovial joint

A

articular (hyaline) cartilage

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23
Q

flexion usually moves away from the anatomical position in ______ direction except for what joint

A

flexion usually moves away from the anatomical position in an anterior direction
- except knee (due to rotation of lower limb during developmet)

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24
Q

shortens or folds over a structure
flexion or extension

A

flexion

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25
Q

relate extension to flexion

A

extension moves away from the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexion

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26
Q

chin to chest is

A

flexion

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27
Q

what is abduction

A

movement away from the midline (body wall)

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28
Q

what is adduction

A

movement towards the midline (body wall)

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29
Q

what is circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

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30
Q

is circumduction the same as rotation

A

no

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31
Q

what is rotation

A

turning (axial movement) at a joint away (laterally) or towards (medially) the midline

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32
Q

what joints are capable of rotation

A

ball and socket
pivot

33
Q

what is supination

A

turn palm to face ceiling
(can i have some soup)

34
Q

what is pronation

A

turn palm to face the floor

35
Q

how does supination and pronation occur

A

via movement of the head of the radius in the forearm not in the hand or wrist

36
Q

what is plantarflexion of ankle

A

standing on tip toes

37
Q

what is dorsiflexion of ankle

A

standing with heel on ground and toes off groun

38
Q

what is inversion of the foot

A

twisting foot so that the plantar surface faces medially (big toe off ground)
(plantar surface faces IN)

39
Q

what is eversion of the foot

A

twisting foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally (little toe off ground)

40
Q

what are the 2 movements of the scapula

A

retraction
protraction

41
Q

what is retraction of the scapula

A

when you move scapulae medially towards the midline of back

42
Q

what is protraction of the scapula

A

when you move scapulae laterally away from midline

43
Q

what are the 4 movements of the mandible

A

elevation - close mouth
depression - open mouth
protraction (protrusion)
retraction (retrusion)

44
Q

what kind of joint is the thumb

A

saddle joint (synovial)

45
Q

what movement is possible at the thumb

A

opposition / reposition

46
Q

what is opposition of the thumb

A

when pulp of thumb crosses palm to touch the pulp of fingertips

47
Q

what is so special about opposition of the thumb

A

allows fine controlled grasp movements for tasks such as writing and is unique to humans

48
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joint

A

plane
hinge
saddle
condyloid (ellipsoid)
ball and socket
pivot

49
Q

what are the least mobile synovial joints

A

plane

50
Q

what movements are permitted in plane joints

A

sliding and gliding between bones in the plane of the articular surfaces

51
Q

give 2 examples of plane synovial joints

A
  • acromioclavicular joint between acromion of scapula and clavicle
  • between carpal bones of wrist
52
Q

what is the advantage of no large movements between carpal bones of wrist

A

protects structures that pass through carpal tunnel

53
Q

plane synovial joints are usually __axial

A

uniaxial

54
Q

the opposed surfaces of bones in plane joints are

A

flat or almost flat

55
Q

give 2 examples of saddle joints

A

between clavicle and sternum
caro-metacarpal joint at base of 1st digit - thumb (between trapezium and 1st metacarpal)

56
Q

what is another name for a saddle joint

A

double planar

57
Q

why can saddle joints be called double planar

A

allow movements occurring around 2 axes at right angles to eachother - biaxial

58
Q

what movements are permitted at saddle joints

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
- therefore circumduction

59
Q

what shape are the articular surfaces in saddle joints

A

saddle - reciprocally concave and convex

60
Q

what movements are permitted at hinge joints

A

flexion and extension
- uniaxial

61
Q

give an example of a hinge joint

A

elbow

62
Q

give an example of when a bone restricts joint movement

A

extension of elbow is restricted by the bony interlocking of the humerus and ulna

63
Q

give an example of when a muscle restricts joint movement

A

flexion of elbow is restricted by muscle mass of biceps brachii and forearm muscles

64
Q

why does abduction or adduction not occur in hinge joints e.g. elbow

A

prevented by joint shape and colateral ligaments on medial and lateral sides

65
Q

give an example of an ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

A

wrist joint
metocarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)

66
Q

what movements are allowed at ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
- therefore circumduction

67
Q

what are the 2 types of synovial joints that allow rotation

A

pivot
ball and socket

68
Q

what movement is allowed at a pivot joint

A

axial rotation - rotation around a central axis (uniaxial)

69
Q

give 2 examples of a pivot joint

A
  • at head of radius
  • atlanto-axial joint
70
Q

what does the pivot joint at the head of the radius allow

A

rotation of the head to allow pronation and supination of the forearm

71
Q

describe the atlanto-axial joint

A

atlas (C1 vertebra) rotates around the dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) during rotation of head (the ‘no’ movement)

72
Q

what are the most mobile joints

A

ball and socket

73
Q

what movements are permitted at ball and socket joints

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction

74
Q

ball and socket joints are ___axial

A

multiaxial

75
Q

give 2 examples of ball and socket joints

A

hip
shoulder (gleno-humeral)

76
Q

describe the hip joint

A

spherical head of the femur rotates within the socket formed by the acetabulum of the innominate bone (hip bone)

77
Q

is the hip or shoulder joint more stable

A

hip - supported by strong ligaments

78
Q

describe the gleno-humeral joint

A

shallow socket formed by scapula and relatively large ball formed by the humeral head - makes it more prone to dislocation than hip in adults

79
Q

what is medial rotation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

A

in anatomical position, rotate arm at the shoulder so that thumb moves from a lateral to medial position

Regional Anatomy 1 (30 decks)

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