Please study, okay Flashcards
Students collect data on the following samples. Which of the following are most likely elements?
1: Na
Has a strong metallic luster. In color, it is very analogous to silver. It is soft at common temperatures that it can be shaped by the pressure of the fingers.
2: H2
It is a gas with no color and odor and has the lowest density of all gases.
3: N2O4
Red-brown liquid wiht a sharp, unpleasant chemical odor. It also has a low boiling point.
4: Ag
It is a white, soft, lustrous, very ductile, and malleable metal. It is a very good conductor of electricity and heat.
5: NaCl
Crystals or white crystalline powder. Transparent and colorless in cyrstalline form.
Na, H2, Ag
This is because they are all either one uppercase letter and a lowercase letter, and or one uppercase letter. It doesn’t matter if there is a subscript or not.
All of the following are examples of an inclined plane except-
A. Mobility ramp
B. Inflatable slide
C. Screw
D. Seesaw
D. Seesaw
This is because a seesaw is a lever, not an inclined plane. It pivots around a fulcrum. An inclined plane is a plane that is tilted at an angle to the horizontal.
A glass of lemonade is sitting on a picnic table outside. The energy from the sun will heat up the glass through what process.
Radiation
The sun emits energy from afar and it heats the lemonade.
Which better shows than thermal energy will move from a hotter area to a cooler area until an equilibrium is reached?
A. A person sitting directly under a fan feels cooler than someone sitting away from the fan.
B. A refrigerator with no power.
C. A pot of water boiling after 10 minutes on a stove
D. Salt placed on an ice cube to increase its melting
Answer: C
The inner core of the earth is a solid metal, while the other core of the earth is made of molten metal. Which of the following best explains why this occurs.
A. The temperature of the inner core is higher than the outer core.
B. The temperature of the inner core is lower than the outer core
C. The pressure of the inner core is lower than the outer core
D. The pressure of the inner core is higher than the outer core.
D. Because all the other layers cause it to become solid
Which celestial body is composed of only rocks and minerals.
A. Sun
B. Asteroid
C. Comet
D. Black Hole
B. Asteroid
Which celestial body is composed of rocks, frozen gases, dust, and is often called a “dirty snowball”
A comet
What is the smallest tectonic plate
The Indo-Australian
How strong is the moon’s gravity compared to the earth
1/6
Is water polar, and why
Water is polar, because the molecules have different electronegativity
What are the basic steps of scientific inquiry.
Ask a question, do background research, make a hypothesis, make your hypothesis, analyze results, draw a conclusion, and share your results. Or, if your hypothesis is proven false, make a new hypothesis and start again.
What is a hypothesis
It is an educated guess, that can be tested.
If you observations do not support your hypothesis, what should you do?
Go back and make a new hypothesis, based on you observations. Test that and if it is proven wrong go back and try again.
How is evidence used in scientific investigation.
It is used to either prove or not prove the hypothesis.
Compare and contrast a theory and a law.
A theory explains why something happens under a certain condition. And a law explains what happens under a certain condition.
What is an Independent variable
The variable that is changed on purpose in an experiment by the scientist
What is the dependent variable
This factor depends on the independent variable. It is usually the observed outcome (result) of an experiment.
What is a constant
A factors in an experiment that remain the same
Control
A trail where all the variables are held constant
Describe the difference between precision and accuracy
Precision is how consistent and exact a measurement is, while accuracy is how close something is to the correct value.
What is the multiplier for giga
1,000,000,000, which is one billion
What is the multiplier for mega
1,000,000, which is one million
What is the multiplier for kilo
1,00, which is one thousand
What is the multiplier for deca
10
What is the multiplier for deci
0.1
What is the multiplier for centi
0.01
What is the multiplier for milli
0.001
What is the multiplier for mirco
0.000001
What is the multiplier for nano
0.000000001
What is length
The distance between two points
What is volume
The amount of space an object occupies
What is mass
The amount of matter in a liquid, solid, or gas
What is weight
the force exerted by a mass
How many known elements are there
118
Elements are differentiated by their _________ ________ because each element has a different number of protons
Atomic number
What is the atomic number of an atom equal to.
The number of protons it has
How do you find how many neutrons are in an atom
Atomic mass-Atomic number=Number of Neutrons
How do you know how many protons or electrons are in an atom
Atomic number=Number of Protons=Number of Electrons
What is an isotope
Atoms with an abnormal amount of neutrons
What is a chemical bond
A bond between atoms where atoms share electrons
Why do atoms bond
To make themselves more stable
What is the formula for pressure
Pressure=Force/Area
What is concentration
It is the amount of solute in a solvent
What are one of the the most common units for pressure
Pascal and Atmosphere
What is a substance
It is something that can’t be broken down into simpler parts, and physical, changes won’t alter its composition.
What is a heterogeneous mixture and homogeneous mixture.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that isn’t mixed evenly, and a homogeneous mixture is a mixture that is mixed evenly. Milk is a colloidal so it is a heterogeneous mixture.
What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture
A pure substance is something only made of one thing, and a mixture is something made of more than one thing.
What are homogeneous mixtures also called
A solution
What is a solvent
A substance into which the solute dissolves
What is a solute
The substance that is dissolves into the other substance
What is the formula for speed
Speed=Distance/time
What is the definition of velocity
The speed in a certain direction. So the change in velocity means either a change in direction or a change in speed.
What is velocity measured in
Meters per second, or otherwise known as time and distance
What is the formula for acceleration
Acceleration=Final velocity-initial velocity÷time
What is acceleration measured in
Meters per second squared
A dolphin swims 56 meters in 8 seconds and a walrus swims 30 meters in 6 seconds. Which is faster and which is slower
The dolphin is faster because it is going 7 meters per second, while the walrus swims a 5 meters per second.
What is acceleration
It is the rate in which velocity changes with time.
What are three ways something can accelerate
Speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction
if a bee is flying in a circle at a constant is the bee accelerating.
Yes, the bee is accelerating because the bee is changing velocity, so it is accelerating. This is because acceleration is the rate in which velocity changes.
What is a force
It is a push or a pull
What is a dicotyledon
A plant with two cotyledons
What planet is Olympus Mons on
Mars
What is required to know the velocity of an object
Speed and direction of motion
What is magnitude
Size
What does force always have
Magnitude and direction.
Does force have direction
Yes
What is the SI unit for force
Newtons
What is inertia
matter’s resistance to change
What is the formula for momentum
Momentum= Mass x velocity
What is momentum
The measure of how difficult it is to change the inertia of an object.
What is the force of gravity on Earth
9.8 M/S squared
What is a negative acceleration
Where an object’s velocity is increasing negatively or decreasing positively, going the opposite direction.Wh
What are the three types of friction
Static friction, Sliding friction, and Rolling friction
What is static friction
The force of friction when both opposing surfaces are still. Comes from molecules adhering to the other surface.
What is sliding/kinetic friction
The force of friction that comes from one or both surfaces sliding against each other. This is weaker than static friction because the surfaces aren’t bonded.
What is rolling friction
The friction between two surfaces when one of them is rolling like a ball or wheel. Rolling friction is weaker than kinetic friction.
What is terminal velocity
When the force of gravity on an object is equal to the force of air resistance on it. When an object falls there are two forces acting on its air resistance, and gravity. When those two forces balance out and create a balanced force, it is called terminal velocity. The speed in which the object is going depends on many factors such as surface area, mass, and the thickness of the air.
Is a screw an inclined plane
Yes, a screw is an inclined plane or otherwise a wedge, which is two inclined planes put together.
What is the difference between a simple machine and a compound machine
A simple machine does an action in one move, while the compound machine does it in many different moves with many different machines.
What is a mineral
A solid inorganic substance. It is usually found in nature.
What type of structures does a mineral have
A crystal structure
What is a crystal structure
A molecular structure in which the atoms are arranged orderly in a pattern.
What are the two most common ways crystal minerals are formed
- The Cooling of Magma (Igneous rock)
- The Formation in a Solution (Precipitate)
What are some ways that minerals can be identified and classified.
Based on their streak, luster, if it cleavages or fracture, hardness, specific gravity.
What is a streak in a mineral
A streak in a mineral is where you scrape a mineral against a white tile to produce a chalky line. It shows the powdered form of a mineral and the color is usually different from the mineral itself.
What is luster
A mineral’s shininess.
What is cleavage and what is a fracture
Cleavage is a mineral’s tendency to break into flat sheets, and fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break into jagged, rough pieces. A mineral that fractures instead of cleavages is more sturdier.
What is the most valuable kind of mineral.
Gems
What is an example of a gem
Diamonds, pearl, garnet, etc.
What is an ore
A mineral that contains useful substances, such as iron, lead, aluminum, magnesium, etc.
Does an ore have to be processesed or not to remove the useful substance from it
Yes it does
What are silicated
Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen. There are many minerals that contain this.
What are most of the Earth’s minerals classified as.
Silicates
What is a rock
A mixture of different minerals, volcanic glass, and organic matter
What are the two types of igneous rocks
Intrusive and extrusive
What is an extrusive igneous rock
An igneous rock in which lava quickly cools at the earth’s surface. It usually is smoother than an intrusive igneous rock because the crystal doesn’t have a long of a time to grow.
What is intrusive igneous rock
Igneous rock that slowly grows below the surface. It usually has larger grains because they have a longer time to grow.
What is a foliated metamorphic rock
It is a metamorphic rock that has many layers, like slate
What is non-foliated metamorphic rock
It is a metamorphic rock that doesn’t have a layered structure, such as marble.
What is a strata
It is the layers in a sedimentary rock
What is a stratum
It is one of the layers in a strata.
What are most rocks on the earth’s surface made of
Silicon and oxygen
What are four different kinds of mountains
Fault-block mountains, Folded Mountains, Volcanic Mountains, Underwater Volcanic Mountains
What is a fault-block mountains
Plates that are moves apart create faults, which are rock layers pulled apart. And this sometimes causes large blocks of rock to tilt and seperate, which forms parallel ridges and valleys.
What are folded mountains
When two plates push together, they might fold the rocks in the middle which creates mountains, and you can usually see the layers of the rocks. An example of them is the Himalayas.
What is a volcanic mountain
When lava cools from a volcano and forms layer after layer on the volcano, which results in a cone shaped mountain.
What is an underwater volcanic mountain
Where volcanoes underwater erupt and form layer after layer of rock, which usually results in them turning into a volcanic island.
Who came up with the theory of continental drift
Alfred Wegener
What drags the earth’s plates around
The mantle/asthenosphere convection currents
What is a mid-ocean ridges
Underwater mountain ranges which come from divergent tectonic plates. They form because divergent tectonic plates cause magma from underground to spew up, and cool, which causes mountains.
What is an ocean basin
A depression formed when there is a divergent plate and, which creates a new oceanic crust.
Are divergent plates responsible for seafloor spreading
Yes
What do seafloor spreadings create
Mid-Ocean ranges
Does magma rise to fill seafloor spreadings
Yes
What is a rift valley
It is a long narrow valley with steep walls that are formed by divergent tectonic plates, which creates a graben, which is a drop down block of land.
Earth’s crust is _________ at convergent plate boundaries
Destroyed
What occurs at convergent plate boundarys
Mountain buildings, ocean plate subducts, (which causes volcanic mountains to form), and Earth quakes.
What is a subduction zone
They occur at convergent boundaries, when more dense plates sink below a less dense plate.
What is is the deepest area of an ocean basin called
A trench
What are transform plate boundaries
It happens when Earth’s crust slides past each other and neither new crust is formed or old crust is destroyed
Transform plate boundaries cause a great amount of what to rocks
Stress
Most of earthquakes occur where
A transform plant boundaries
What are faults
They are fractures or cracks in the Earth’s crust.
What is subduction
When a CONVERGENT PLATE goes under a plate it is called subduction. Usually the convergent plate is an oceanic plate because oceanic plates are more dense. The oceanic plate sinks into the mantle causing it to turn into magma.
What is a seismic wave
A vibration that comes from earthquakes
What is the source of the seismic wave called
The focus
What is the point on the Earth’s surface that is closest to the focus called
The Epicenter
What are the two kinds of underground seismic wayve
Primary waves, (P-Waves), Secondary Waves, (S-Waves)
Where do S-Waves and P-waves travel through
The earth’s interior
What seismic wave travels through the surface
The surface waves
What are surface waves
They are seismic waves that travel on the earth’s surface, they are slow-moving, large, and is able to be very destructive.
What device measures magnitude
A seismograph
What is the magnitude of an earthquake measure on
The Richter Scale
For ever __ point increase on the Richter Scale, the ground shakes __ as much and the earthquake carries __ time more energy.
1, 10, 32
What is a Hot Spot
Where tons of boiling magma pushes toward the surface in one spot.
What are the two main forces that break down rocks
Mechanical and Chemical
What is mechanical weathering
When physical forces break down rocks
What are 5 ways of mechanical weathering
Ice wedging, plants and animals, abrasion, release of pressure, and, thermal stress
What are 3 way of chemical weathering
Natural acids, Plant acids, and Oxidation
What is mechanical ice wedging, weathering
When water enters cracks in the rocks and freezes, causing the rock’s cracks to expand which breaks the rocks apart.
What is mechanical plants and animals, weathering
Where plants and animals break apart rocks.
What is mechanical abrasion, weathering
Where water and wind carry particles that rub against the rock which slowly weather it.
What is the mechanical release of pressure, weathering
Where underground rocks get to the surface, and fall apart because of lack of pressure to push them together.
What is the mechanical thermal stress, weathering
When rocks constantly heat up, and cool down, which causes the rock to contract, and expand, which stresses it until it breaks
What is the chemical weathering, natural acids
Where carbon dioxide reacts with water in the air or in the soil to cause carbonic acid which breaks down rock slowly, especially limestone. Acid rain speeds up this process.
What is the chemical weathering, oxidation
Where oxygen reacts with rocks and minerals. What might happen is rust, which is how oxygen reacts with iron.
What is a horizon in a soil
A layer of soil
What is humus
Organic matter from decayed plants and animals
What is a moraines
Debris deposited by glaciers
What is a floodpan
An area of sediments that are formed when rivers or streams flood and deposit sediments
What is a Talus Deposits or Scree Slope
Broken rocks that have fallen from nearby cliffs.
What is the atmosphere made of
78% nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 1 percent other gas
Does the temperature increase or decrease as you go up in the in the troposphere
Decreases
Does the temperature increase or decrease as you go up in the stratosphere
Increase
Does the temperature increase or decreases as you go up the mesosphere
Decreases
Does the temperature increase or decrease as you go up the thermosphere/exosphere
Increase
Does air pressure increase or decrease as you go up.
Decreases
What is adhesion
The attraction of water molecules to other different molecules
What is cohesion
The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules.
What is fermentation
A chemical reaction that releases energy through the breakdown of food, it requires less energy than cellular respiration. It happens when there’s no oxygen available. It turns glucose molecules into ATP
What is one waste product of fermentation
Lactic acid
What are amino acides
The compounds that can be added together to make proteins.
What are proteins
Larger molecules made from stringing amino acids together.
What are enzymes
They are things that helps molecules fit together, every reaction uses a different enzyme
Is mitosis a type of asexual reproduction
Yes
In mitosis (Asexual reproduction) is the number and type of genes/chromosomes in the daughter cell the same, more than, or less than the parent cell
Same
What is a form of prokaryotic asexual reproduction
Binary fission
What are genes
Segments of Dna strands that code for a specific trait.
RNA contains how many strands
Only 1
RNA contains what base that DNA does have
Uracil
What does DNA have that RNA doesn’t have
Thymine
What are the three types of RNA
- mRNA (messenger RNA)
- rRNA (Ribosomal RNA
- tRNA (Transfer RNA
What does mRNA do
mRNA carries the DNA codes out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm
What does rRNA do
It is what Ribosomes are made of, which is what helps Ribosomes attach to mRNA molecules.
What does tRNA do
It transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
