BIO Flashcards
What is the Hierarchy
Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms
What is the basic unit of life
Cells
What do red blood cells do in an animal
They transport oxygen throughout the body
What do nerve cells do in an animal
Send signals to the brain
What do muscle cells do in an animal
Generate movement
What do Xylem cells do in a plant
The move water up a plant via osmosis from the roots to other parts of the plant body
What does the phloem do in a plant
It takes the product of photosynthesis from the leaves and transports it to other parts of a plant, otherwise known as moving nutrients down in a plant.
What are tissues
They are a group of cells working together to perform a certain task, both plants and animals have them
What do muscle tissue do in an animal
They help with allow movement and support
What do epithelial tissue do in an animal
It lines the external and internal of all structures
What does nervous tissue do in an animal
It coordinates and controls body activities
What does connective tissue do in an animal
Provide support and structure to organs and tissue
What do epidermal tissue do in a plant
They protect the plants surface and protect against water loss
What do vascular tissue do in a plant
It helps transport nutrients such as water and nutrients in a plant
What are stem cells
They are cells that are able to turn themselves into any type of cell, muscle cell, epithelial cells, phloem cells, blood cells, connective cells. Stem cells can be found in bone marrow.
What are organs
The are a group of tissue that works together for a similar function
What type of cells is the heart made of
Cardiac cells
What does the circulatory system do
It transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries carbon dioxide and waste to the lungs
What are the two subsystems in the circulatory system
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
What does Pulmonary circulation do
Pulmonary circulation sends blood from the heart to the lungs and back
What does the Systemic circulation do
Systemic circulation Send blood to the rest of the body and back to the heart
Where does Pulmonary circulation happen
In the alveoli of the lungs, or otherwise known as the air sacs of the lungs.
What is the main structure of the Pulmonary system
The lungs
What does Systemic circulation provide for organs, tissue, and cells.
BLOOD
What does the blood that the Systemic circulation system brings, provide for the cells
Oxygen and other nutrients, while it collects waste.
What is the blood transported by?
Blood vessels
What is the heart and approximately how big is it
The heart is a muscular organ that is about the size of a fist
Where is the heart located
Behind and slightly to the left of the sternum
Your heart pumps through a network of what?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
What is the aorta
It is the main artery of the heart carrying oxygenated blood to every part of the body except the lungs
What is the vena cava
The vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the superior vena cava
It is a part of the vena cava that returns blood from the upper body
What is the inferior vena cava
It is the part of the vena cava that returns blood from the lower body
The heart is made of how many chambers and what are they each called
The heart is made up of 4 chambers and they are called right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Ventricle are on the bottom, and atriums are on the top.
What is located between each chamber in a heart
Valves
What do the valves of the heart make the blood do
Flow in one direction, they do that by opening and closing in during contractions
Arteries carry the blood which way from the heart, and what do they provide
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body with oxygen and nutrients for the body
Veins carry blood towards which way from the heart, and what do they bring in the blood
Veins carry blood towards the heart and they bring carbon in the blood
What is the nervous system
It is consists of nerves, spines, brains and it coordinates the bodies processes
What are all the plant root systems
They are the roots and tubers that absorb water and anchor the plant to the ground
What are the shoot systems in a plant
They are the shoot and leaves and they are perform photosynthesis
What is the digestive system
It is a system of organs that are used to digest food throughout the body, which helps the body gather nutrients and water through food and water that is used for energy.
What are the two types of digestion
Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion
What does mechanical digestion do
It changes the physical form of the food through digestion
What does chemical digestion do
It changes the chemical composition of the food through digestion
Where does mechanical digestion and chemical digestion happen
In the oral cavity
Where does chemical digestion happen
Usually in the small intesting
What is the beginning of the digestive tract
The mouth
What is an example of mechanical digestion in the mouth
When the mouth chews the food and changes its physical form
Glands secrete what, which cause chemical digestion in the oral cavity
The glands secrete saliva which cause chemical digestion in the oral cavity
What is the function of the tongue in the digestive system
To pushback food to the part of the mouth for swallowing
What is the pharynx, otherwise known as the throat
It is the passage between the cavity of the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, like you know the part that is empty where everything connects, that is the pharynx. Both food and air pass through there so it’s part of the respiratory system and digestive system.
What is the epiglottis
It’s like a switch that leads the thing that goes in your body to the right places, for example air from larynx to the trachea
What is the esophagus
It is the muscular tube that brings the food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. It is right in front of your spine right behind your trachea, which is your windpipe, and it in the center of the chest.
What is the stomach
It is a J-shaped organ that is about the size of two fists put together, it has hydrochloric acid that is used to break down the food from your mouth. This is an example of chemical digestion. The acid also helps kill bacteria from the food you are eating.
What is the small intestine
It is a small tube that is about 20 feet long, it is used to take the nutrients from the food, and is covered in villi, which increases the surface area of the absorption, and it is absorbed through the small intestine walls. Then the leftover goes to the large intestine.
What does the liver do
It secretes bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion
What does the gallbladder do
It recycles the excess bile from the small intestine to be used again
What does the pancreas do
It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food and complete the digestion of food
What is the large intestine
It is a tube that connects to the small intestine about 5 feet long and it absorbs the leftover nutrition and water that the small intestine didn’t absorb, creates poop.
What does the rectum do
It holds stool from the colon until evacuation happens, otherwise known as pooping
Why does heartburn or acid reflux occur
Because the hydrochloric acid from the stomach get into the esophagus
What is the Celiac Disease
It occurs when there are individuals who are sensitive to gluten, which harms their villi
What is Crohn’s disease
Is is an autoimmune disease that affects the end of the small intestine
What is Ulcerative colitis
It is an inflammatory bowel disease, which affects the large intestine
Why would Diverticulitis happen
When there are small pouches that form on the weak spots of the colon
What are Hemorrhoids
Where the blood vessels at the end of the digestive tract get inflamed.
What is the endocrine system
It is a group of glands that produce and secrete hormones
What is the main function of the endocrine system
To maintain the correct level of chemical level in check, through feed back
What does the Endocrine system regulate
- Mood
- Sleep
- Growth and Development
- Metabolism
- Sexual function
- Reproduction Processes
What are glands
They are cells that monitor the blood stream for chemical imbalance, they also produce hormones and help balance chemicals in the body
What are exocrine glands, otherwise known as ducted glands
Exocrine glands are glands such as sweat, digestive juice, and tear glands that attached to a specific duct, and release a products into ducts, are a simpler form of glands
What are endocrine glands
Endocrine glands that do not have any duct attached to them, and they are more complex, they release product directly into the bloodstream.Wh
What is the difference between the exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
EXOCRINE glands release products via DUCTS usually to the outside of the body, and it is LESS COMPLEX.
ENDOCRINE glands release product with NO DUCTS directly to the bloodstream, and is usually MORE COMPLEX
What are hormones
They are chemical messengers that communicate information from one set of cells to another, many different hormones move through the bloodstream, and they only affect certain cells
What are target cells
They are cells that contain certain receptors that match to certain hormones, they are like a lock and a key, hormones bind with the receptor
What is a negative feedback loop
A self regulating system to maintain a balance or stability, This means when one side goes up, it triggers something that brings it back down. Then, if the other side goes up too much, it prompts something else to bring it back down as well.
Blood sugar levels are maintained through a negative feedback loop, basically when something is too much, it is brought back down, and when something is too little, it is brought back up
What does the endocrine system work for
To maintain homeostasis
What does the core of the human body usually need to be around
98.6 degree Fahrenheit
How does the endocrine system perform homeostasis
It uses a negative feedback loop
What are some structures of the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Ovaries (in females)
Testicles (in males)
What is the hypothalamus
It is a portion of the brain that connects the nervous system and the endocrine system, it stimulates the pituitary gland which controls the bodies temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and the circadian rhythm
What is the pituitary gland
It is a pea sized gland that controls basically all the other endocrine glands of the body and is controlled by the hypothalamus
What is the Pineal Gland
It is the gland that is located near the center of the brain and it looks like a cone, giving forth its name, it produces melatonin which helps regulate sleep
What is the thyroid
The thyroid helps regulate the metabolism of the body and is wrapped around the lower part of the neck, shaped like a butterfly
What is the thymus
The thymus is located between the lung where the sternum is and it decreases in size after puberty, it produces T-cells that stimulate the development of disease fighting, it helps protect the body against autoimmunity
What is the pancreas
It is a gland that is located in the upper abdomen, it secretes chemicals that help finish off digestion in the small intestine. It secretes insulin which lowers blood sugars, and glucagon which increases blood sugars
What is the adrenal gland
It is the gland that helps regulate stress reaction, metabolism, sugar levels, blood pressure, it is also known as the flight or fight gland because it produces adrenaline
What is is diabetes
It is where the endocrine gland doesn’t provide enough insulin so the body can’t properly produce glucose
What is hypothyroidism
Where the bodies thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, one of its main causes is Hashimoto’s disease.
What is Gigantism
Where the pituitary gland is not functioning normally and it produces too much growth hormones which leads to abnormal immense growth
