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BIO Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hierarchy

A

Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of life

A

Cells

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3
Q

What do red blood cells do in an animal

A

They transport oxygen throughout the body

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4
Q

What do nerve cells do in an animal

A

Send signals to the brain

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5
Q

What do muscle cells do in an animal

A

Generate movement

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6
Q

What do Xylem cells do in a plant

A

The move water up a plant via osmosis from the roots to other parts of the plant body

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7
Q

What does the phloem do in a plant

A

It takes the product of photosynthesis from the leaves and transports it to other parts of a plant, otherwise known as moving nutrients down in a plant.

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8
Q

What are tissues

A

They are a group of cells working together to perform a certain task, both plants and animals have them

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9
Q

What do muscle tissue do in an animal

A

They help with allow movement and support

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10
Q

What do epithelial tissue do in an animal

A

It lines the external and internal of all structures

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11
Q

What does nervous tissue do in an animal

A

It coordinates and controls body activities

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12
Q

What does connective tissue do in an animal

A

Provide support and structure to organs and tissue

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13
Q

What do epidermal tissue do in a plant

A

They protect the plants surface and protect against water loss

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14
Q

What do vascular tissue do in a plant

A

It helps transport nutrients such as water and nutrients in a plant

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15
Q

What are stem cells

A

They are cells that are able to turn themselves into any type of cell, muscle cell, epithelial cells, phloem cells, blood cells, connective cells. Stem cells can be found in bone marrow.

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16
Q

What are organs

A

The are a group of tissue that works together for a similar function

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17
Q

What type of cells is the heart made of

A

Cardiac cells

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18
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

It transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries carbon dioxide and waste to the lungs

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19
Q

What are the two subsystems in the circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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20
Q

What does Pulmonary circulation do

A

Pulmonary circulation sends blood from the heart to the lungs and back

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21
Q

What does the Systemic circulation do

A

Systemic circulation Send blood to the rest of the body and back to the heart

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22
Q

Where does Pulmonary circulation happen

A

In the alveoli of the lungs, or otherwise known as the air sacs of the lungs.

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23
Q

What is the main structure of the Pulmonary system

A

The lungs

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24
Q

What does Systemic circulation provide for organs, tissue, and cells.

A

BLOOD

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25
Q

What does the blood that the Systemic circulation system brings, provide for the cells

A

Oxygen and other nutrients, while it collects waste.

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26
Q

What is the blood transported by?

A

Blood vessels

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27
Q

What is the heart and approximately how big is it

A

The heart is a muscular organ that is about the size of a fist

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28
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Behind and slightly to the left of the sternum

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29
Q

Your heart pumps through a network of what?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

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30
Q

What is the aorta

A

It is the main artery of the heart carrying oxygenated blood to every part of the body except the lungs

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31
Q

What is the vena cava

A

The vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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32
Q

What is the superior vena cava

A

It is a part of the vena cava that returns blood from the upper body

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33
Q

What is the inferior vena cava

A

It is the part of the vena cava that returns blood from the lower body

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34
Q

The heart is made of how many chambers and what are they each called

A

The heart is made up of 4 chambers and they are called right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Ventricle are on the bottom, and atriums are on the top.

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35
Q

What is located between each chamber in a heart

A

Valves

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36
Q

What do the valves of the heart make the blood do

A

Flow in one direction, they do that by opening and closing in during contractions

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37
Q

Arteries carry the blood which way from the heart, and what do they provide

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body with oxygen and nutrients for the body

38
Q

Veins carry blood towards which way from the heart, and what do they bring in the blood

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart and they bring carbon in the blood

39
Q

What is the nervous system

A

It is consists of nerves, spines, brains and it coordinates the bodies processes

40
Q

What are all the plant root systems

A

They are the roots and tubers that absorb water and anchor the plant to the ground

41
Q

What are the shoot systems in a plant

A

They are the shoot and leaves and they are perform photosynthesis

42
Q

What is the digestive system

A

It is a system of organs that are used to digest food throughout the body, which helps the body gather nutrients and water through food and water that is used for energy.

43
Q

What are the two types of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion

44
Q

What does mechanical digestion do

A

It changes the physical form of the food through digestion

45
Q

What does chemical digestion do

A

It changes the chemical composition of the food through digestion

46
Q

Where does mechanical digestion and chemical digestion happen

A

In the oral cavity

47
Q

Where does chemical digestion happen

A

Usually in the small intesting

48
Q

What is the beginning of the digestive tract

A

The mouth

49
Q

What is an example of mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

When the mouth chews the food and changes its physical form

50
Q

Glands secrete what, which cause chemical digestion in the oral cavity

A

The glands secrete saliva which cause chemical digestion in the oral cavity

51
Q

What is the function of the tongue in the digestive system

A

To pushback food to the part of the mouth for swallowing

52
Q

What is the pharynx, otherwise known as the throat

A

It is the passage between the cavity of the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, like you know the part that is empty where everything connects, that is the pharynx. Both food and air pass through there so it’s part of the respiratory system and digestive system.

53
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

It’s like a switch that leads the thing that goes in your body to the right places, for example air from larynx to the trachea

54
Q

What is the esophagus

A

It is the muscular tube that brings the food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. It is right in front of your spine right behind your trachea, which is your windpipe, and it in the center of the chest.

55
Q

What is the stomach

A

It is a J-shaped organ that is about the size of two fists put together, it has hydrochloric acid that is used to break down the food from your mouth. This is an example of chemical digestion. The acid also helps kill bacteria from the food you are eating.

56
Q

What is the small intestine

A

It is a small tube that is about 20 feet long, it is used to take the nutrients from the food, and is covered in villi, which increases the surface area of the absorption, and it is absorbed through the small intestine walls. Then the leftover goes to the large intestine.

57
Q

What does the liver do

A

It secretes bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion

58
Q

What does the gallbladder do

A

It recycles the excess bile from the small intestine to be used again

59
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food and complete the digestion of food

60
Q

What is the large intestine

A

It is a tube that connects to the small intestine about 5 feet long and it absorbs the leftover nutrition and water that the small intestine didn’t absorb, creates poop.

61
Q

What does the rectum do

A

It holds stool from the colon until evacuation happens, otherwise known as pooping

62
Q

Why does heartburn or acid reflux occur

A

Because the hydrochloric acid from the stomach get into the esophagus

63
Q

What is the Celiac Disease

A

It occurs when there are individuals who are sensitive to gluten, which harms their villi

64
Q

What is Crohn’s disease

A

Is is an autoimmune disease that affects the end of the small intestine

65
Q

What is Ulcerative colitis

A

It is an inflammatory bowel disease, which affects the large intestine

66
Q

Why would Diverticulitis happen

A

When there are small pouches that form on the weak spots of the colon

67
Q

What are Hemorrhoids

A

Where the blood vessels at the end of the digestive tract get inflamed.

68
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

It is a group of glands that produce and secrete hormones

69
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system

A

To maintain the correct level of chemical level in check, through feed back

70
Q

What does the Endocrine system regulate

A
  1. Mood
  2. Sleep
  3. Growth and Development
  4. Metabolism
  5. Sexual function
  6. Reproduction Processes
71
Q

What are glands

A

They are cells that monitor the blood stream for chemical imbalance, they also produce hormones and help balance chemicals in the body

72
Q

What are exocrine glands, otherwise known as ducted glands

A

Exocrine glands are glands such as sweat, digestive juice, and tear glands that attached to a specific duct, and release a products into ducts, are a simpler form of glands

73
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands that do not have any duct attached to them, and they are more complex, they release product directly into the bloodstream.Wh

74
Q

What is the difference between the exocrine glands and endocrine glands.

A

EXOCRINE glands release products via DUCTS usually to the outside of the body, and it is LESS COMPLEX.

ENDOCRINE glands release product with NO DUCTS directly to the bloodstream, and is usually MORE COMPLEX

75
Q

What are hormones

A

They are chemical messengers that communicate information from one set of cells to another, many different hormones move through the bloodstream, and they only affect certain cells

76
Q

What are target cells

A

They are cells that contain certain receptors that match to certain hormones, they are like a lock and a key, hormones bind with the receptor

77
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

A self regulating system to maintain a balance or stability, This means when one side goes up, it triggers something that brings it back down. Then, if the other side goes up too much, it prompts something else to bring it back down as well.
Blood sugar levels are maintained through a negative feedback loop, basically when something is too much, it is brought back down, and when something is too little, it is brought back up

78
Q

What does the endocrine system work for

A

To maintain homeostasis

79
Q

What does the core of the human body usually need to be around

A

98.6 degree Fahrenheit

80
Q

How does the endocrine system perform homeostasis

A

It uses a negative feedback loop

81
Q

What are some structures of the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Ovaries (in females)
Testicles (in males)

82
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

It is a portion of the brain that connects the nervous system and the endocrine system, it stimulates the pituitary gland which controls the bodies temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and the circadian rhythm

83
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

It is a pea sized gland that controls basically all the other endocrine glands of the body and is controlled by the hypothalamus

84
Q

What is the Pineal Gland

A

It is the gland that is located near the center of the brain and it looks like a cone, giving forth its name, it produces melatonin which helps regulate sleep

85
Q

What is the thyroid

A

The thyroid helps regulate the metabolism of the body and is wrapped around the lower part of the neck, shaped like a butterfly

86
Q

What is the thymus

A

The thymus is located between the lung where the sternum is and it decreases in size after puberty, it produces T-cells that stimulate the development of disease fighting, it helps protect the body against autoimmunity

87
Q

What is the pancreas

A

It is a gland that is located in the upper abdomen, it secretes chemicals that help finish off digestion in the small intestine. It secretes insulin which lowers blood sugars, and glucagon which increases blood sugars

88
Q

What is the adrenal gland

A

It is the gland that helps regulate stress reaction, metabolism, sugar levels, blood pressure, it is also known as the flight or fight gland because it produces adrenaline

89
Q

What is is diabetes

A

It is where the endocrine gland doesn’t provide enough insulin so the body can’t properly produce glucose

90
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Where the bodies thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, one of its main causes is Hashimoto’s disease.

91
Q

What is Gigantism

A

Where the pituitary gland is not functioning normally and it produces too much growth hormones which leads to abnormal immense growth

92
Q
A

Science (22 decks)

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