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Biological Systems > Plants - Structure and Function > Flashcards

Plants - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection has molded plant structure to support function at the

A

organ, tissue, and cellular levels

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2
Q

Organs adapted to

A
  • take up water and minerals from below ground
  • take up CO2 and light from above ground
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3
Q

They are organized into two systems

A
  1. Root system
  2. Shoot system
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4
Q

Roots rely on ….. produced by ….. in the ….. system

A

sugar / photosynthesis / shoot

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5
Q

Shoots rely on …… and …… absorbed by the ….. system

A

water / minerals / root

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6
Q

Roots important functions:

A
  • Anchoring the plant
  • Absorbing minerals and water
  • Storing carbohydrates
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7
Q

Lateral roots

A

branch off from the primary root improving anchorage and water absorption

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8
Q

Taproot

A

usually develops from the primary root and functions in anchoring the plant in the soil

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9
Q

Root hairs

A

finger-like extensions of epidermal cells, increase the absorptive surface of the root

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10
Q

Mycorrhizal associations, symbiotic interactions with soil fungi, increase

A

mineral absorption in most plants

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11
Q

Stem

A

a plant organ bearing leaves and bu

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12
Q

Stems consist of an alternating system of

A

nodes and internodes

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13
Q

Nodes

A

the points at which leaves are attached

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14
Q

Internodes

A

the stem segments between nodes

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15
Q

Apical bud

A

Also known as the growing shoot tip causes elongation of a young shoot

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16
Q

Axillary bud

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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17
Q

The primary function of the stem is to

A

elongate and orient the shoot to maximize photosynthesis

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18
Q

Many plants have modified stems that perform

A

alternate functions

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19
Q

Leaves

A
  • main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
  • intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend against herbivores and pathogens
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20
Q

What does a leaf consist?

A

generally consists of a flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole, which joins the leaf to the stem

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21
Q

Veins

A

The vascular tissue of leaves, monocots and eudicots differ in their arrangement

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22
Q

Most monocots have

A

parallel veins

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23
Q

Most eudicots have

A

branching veins

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24
Q

What helps with plant identification

A

Leaf shape, arrangement of veins, and spatial pattern of leaves

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25
Q

Leaf shape may be

A

simple or compound

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26
Q

Tissue systems

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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27
Q

Dermal tissue

A

protective outer coating

28
Q

A waxy cuticle covers the

A

epidermis (non-woody) and protects leaves and most stems from water loss

29
Q

A protective layer called the periderm replaces the

A

epidermis in older regions of woody stems and roots

30
Q

Guard cells

A

specialized dermal cells that facilitate gas exchange in shoots

31
Q

Vascular tissue

A

helps transport materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

32
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots (dead at maturity)

33
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars from where they are made (primarily leaves) to actively growing parts of the plant or storage structures (alive at maturity, but lack a nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole, and elements of the cytoskeleton)

34
Q

Ground tissue

A

includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, support, and short-distance transport

35
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

A plant can grow throughout its life

36
Q

Meristems

A

undifferentiated tissues composed of dividing cells that allow continuous growth

37
Q

determinate growth

A

Most animals and some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

38
Q

2 main types of meristems

A

apical meristems and lateral meristems

39
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots

40
Q

Primary growth

A

Cells of the apical meristems allow for elongation of shoots and roots

41
Q

Secondary growth

A

Allow the stems and roots of woody plants to grow in circumference

42
Q

In most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists of

A

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

43
Q

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are

A

scattered throughout the ground tissue

44
Q

The waxy cuticle coating the leaf epidermis reduces water loss except where interrupted by

A

stomata

45
Q

Stomata

A

pores in the epidermis, allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and photosynthetic cells inside the leaf

46
Q

Each stoma is flanked by two guard cells, which

A

regulate its opening and closing to reduce water loss

47
Q

Mesophyll

A

(ground tissue) of eudicots has two layers

48
Q

Cells of the palisade mesophyll (upper layer) are

A

rich in chloroplasts to maximize light capture

49
Q

Cells of the spongy mesophyll (lower layer) are

A

loosely packed to create air spaces for gas exchange

50
Q

What causes the movement of water and minerals in most vascular plants?

A

Water and minerals are pulled up from the roots by negative pressure generated by evaporation from leaves

51
Q

What causes the movement of sugars in most vascular plants?

A

Sugars are pushed by positive pressure from where they are produced or stored to where they are needed

52
Q

Early nonvascular land plants lived in shallow water and had

A

aerial shoots

53
Q

Natural selection favored

A

taller plants with flat appendages, multicellular branching roots, and efficient transport

54
Q

Long distance transport of water, minerals and sugar was possible after the evolution of

A

xylem and phloem

55
Q

the more energy invested into branching

A

the less energy available for growth in height

56
Q

Why do plants need so much water?

A

90% is lost through stomata

57
Q

Why waste so much water through the stomata?

A

Keeps plant rigid, transportation as well.

58
Q

If a plant grows in a hot, wet place, would you expect it to have more or fewer stomata?

A

More! It needs to remove water quickly to maintain pressure.

59
Q

Shady environment?

A

Fewer

60
Q

Shoot adaptations represent compromises between

A

enhancing photosynthesis and minimizing water loss

61
Q

When turgid (full of water)

A

guard cells bow outward and the pore between them opens

62
Q

When flaccid (not full)

A

guard cells become less bowed and the pore closes

63
Q

Stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by

A

Light
CO2 depletion
An internal “clock” in guard cells

64
Q

Freely available water is required to

A

keep stomata open for uptake of CO2

65
Q

Xerophytes

A

plants adapted to arid climates

66
Q

Some xerophytes avoid drying out by

A

completing their entire life cycle during the rainy season

Biological Systems (13 decks)

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