Histology Flashcards
1
Q
4 basic tissues
A
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue
2
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- covers surfaces because cells are in contact
- lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts
- forms glands when cells sink under the surface
3
Q
Connective Tissue
A
- material found between cells
- supports and binds structures together
- stores energy as fat
- provides immunity to disease
4
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
cells shorten in length producing movement
5
Q
Nerve Tissue
A
- cells that conduct electrical signals
- detects changes inside and outside the body
- responds with nerve impulses
6
Q
Membranes
A
Epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)
7
Q
Types of membranes
A
- mucous membrane (where there is mucous)
- serous membrane (covers organs, body wall)
- synovial membrane (joints)
- cutaneous membrane (skin)
8
Q
Visceral pleura
A
clings to surface of lungs
9
Q
Parietal pleura
A
lines chest wall
10
Q
Visceral pericardium
A
covers heart
11
Q
Parietal pericardium
A
lines pericardial sac
12
Q
Types of Epithelium
A
Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium
13
Q
Classification of Epithelium
A
Classified by arrangement of cells into layers
Classified by shape of surface cells
14
Q
squamous
A
flat
15
Q
cuboidal
A
cube-shaped
16
Q
columnar
A
tall column
17
Q
transitional
A
shape varies with tissue stretching
18
Q
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A
- single layer of flat cells
- lines blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium)
- very thin, controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration
- nuclei centrally located
- cells in direct contact with each other
19
Q
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
- Single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side
- Nuclei round and centrally located
- Lines tubes of kidney
- Absorption or secretion
20
Q
Nonciliated Simple Columnar
A
- Single layer rectangular cells
- Unicellular glands = goblet cells secrete mucus
- lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems
- Microvilli = fingerlike cytoplasmic projections
for absorption in GI tract (stomach to anus)
21
Q
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
- Single layer rectangular cells with cilia
- Mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia
- Found in respiratory system and uterine tubes
22
Q
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
A
- Several cell layers thick
- Surface cells flat
- Keratinized = surface cells dead and filled with keratin
skin (epidermis) - Nonkeratinized = no keratin in moist living cells at surface
- mouth, vagina
23
Q
Glandular Epithelium
A
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development
24
Q
Exocrine glands
A
(have ducts)
- cells that secrete—sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer
- connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
- unicellular glands or multicellular glands
25
Endocrine glands
- secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- hormones help maintain homeostasis
26
Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
Unicellular glands
goblet cells
Multicellular glands
branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)
tubular or acinar (flask-like) shape
Sweat gland duct
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
27
Methods of Glandular Secretion
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
28
Merocrine
(most glands)
cells release their products by exocytosis---saliva, digestive enzymes & sweat
29
Apocrine
(breast tissue)
- smelly sweat & milk
- upper part of cell possibly pinches off & dies
30
Holocrine
(oil gland)
gwhole cells die & rupture to release their products
31
Connective Tissues
- Cells
- Fibres
- Matrix
32
Blast type cells
retain ability to divide & produce matrix (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, & osteoblasts)
33
Cyte type cells
mature cell that can not divide or produce matrix (chondrocytes & osteocytes)
34
Macrophages develop from
monocytes
35
Plasma cells develop from
B lymphocytes
36
Mast cells produce histamine that
dilate small BV
37
Adipocytes
(fat cells) store fat
38
Types of Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen (25% of protein in your body)
Elastin (lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage)
Reticular (spleen and lymph nodes)
39
Determines connective tissue type
Ground Substance Matrix
40
Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
41
Adipose Tissue
- Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet
- Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
- Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
- Brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and responsible for heat generation
42
Reticular Connective Tissue
- Network of fibers & cells that produce framework of organ
- Holds organ together (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
43
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
- White, tough and pliable when unstained (forms tendons)
- Also known as white fibrous connective tissue
44
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- Collagen fibers are irregularly arranged (interwoven)
- Tissue can resist tension from any direction
- Very tough tissue -- white of eyeball, dermis of skin
45
Elastic Connective Tissue
- Branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
- Can stretch & still return to original shape
- Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae
46
Hyaline Cartilage
- Bluish-shiny white rubbery substance
- Chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
- No blood vessels or nerves so repair is very slow
- Reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage
47
Fibrocartilage
- Many more collagen fibers causes rigidity & stiffness
- Strongest type of cartilage (intervertebral discs)
48
Elastic Cartilage
- Elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
- Ear, nose, vocal cartilages
49
Compact Bone
- Osteon = lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix
calcium & phosphate---give it its hardness
interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
- Osteocytes in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae
- Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cell
50
Blood
- Connective tissue with a liquid matrix = the plasma
- Cell types = red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets
- Provide clotting, immune functions, carry O2 and CO2
51
Lymph
- Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels
- Contains less protein than plasma
- Move cells and substances (lipids) from one part of the body to another
52
Muscle Tissue
- Cells that shorten
- Provide us with motion, posture and heat
53
Types of muscle
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
54
Skeletal Muscle
- Cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
- Visible light and dark banding (looks striated)
- Voluntary or conscious control
55
Cardiac Muscle
- Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei
- Involuntary and striated
- Attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes
56
Smooth Muscle
- Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
- Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder)
- Involuntary and nonstriated
57
Nerve Tissue
- Cell types -- nerve cells and neuroglial (supporting) cells
- Nerve cell structure
nucleus & long cell processes conduct nerve signals
dendrite --- signal travels towards the cell body
axon ---- signal travels away from cell body
