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Biological Systems > Plants - Reproduction > Flashcards

Plants - Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How do angiosperms reproduce sexually?

A

adapted mechanisms to attract animal pollinators that help them reproduce sexually by transferring their pollen

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2
Q

Humans have used ……. and ……. to modify wild angiosperms into modern crop species

A

artificial selection / genetic engineering

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3
Q

What is the dominant generation in angiosperms?

A

Sporophytes, they are larger, more conspicuous, and longer-lived than gametophytes

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4
Q

The angiosperm life cycle is characterized by “three Fs”:

A

Flowers, double Fertilization, and Fruits

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5
Q

Spores divide by …… and form ……., which are …….. plants that produce ………. by ……..

A

mitosis / gametophytes / haploid (n) / gametes (sperm and eggs) / mitosis

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6
Q

Flowers

A

reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte

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7
Q

Receptacle

A

A part of the stem flowers attach to

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8
Q

Flowers consist of four floral organs:

A

carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals

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9
Q

Stamens and carpels are

A

sporophylls (leaves specialized for reproduction); sepals and petals are sterile modified leaves

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10
Q

A carpel (megasporophyll) has a

A

long style with a sticky stigma on top that captures pollen

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11
Q

At the base of the style is a(n) ……. containing one or more …….

A

ovary / ovules

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12
Q

Fertilized ovules produce

A

seeds

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13
Q

Pistil

A

A single carpel or group of fused carpels

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14
Q

A stamen (microsporophyll) consists of a filament topped by an

A

anther

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15
Q

The anther contains ………. that produce …….

A

microsporangia (pollen sacs) / pollen

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16
Q

Sepals

A

structures that resemble leaves; they enclose and protect unopened floral buds

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17
Q

Petals

A

typically brightly colored to attract pollinators

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18
Q

Complete flowers

A

contain all four floral organs

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19
Q

Incomplete flowers

A

flowers lack one or more floral organs, for example, petals or stamens

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20
Q

Sterile flowers lack

A

both stamens and carpels

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21
Q

Unisexual flowers lack

A

either stamens or carpels

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22
Q

Inflorescences

A

Clusters of flowers

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23
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma

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24
Q

Pollination can occur by

A

wind, water, or animals

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25
Q

What type of species release large amounts of smaller-sized pollen?

A

Wind-pollinated species (e.g., grasses and many trees)

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26
Q

About ….. of angiosperm species are wind-pollinated

A

20%

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27
Q

Wind-pollinated angiosperms tend to produce small, inconspicuous flowers that lack …… or …… and release large amounts of …….

A

nectar / scent / pollen

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28
Q

About ….. of all angiosperms require insects for pollination

A

65%

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29
Q

Bee-pollinated flowers are primarily ……. or ……. , butterfly-pollinated flowers are …………., and moth-pollinated flowers are usually …… or …….

A

yellow / blue / brightly-colored / white / yellow

30
Q

Bat-pollinated flowers are

A

light-colored and aromatic

31
Q

Bird-pollinated flowers are usually

A

large and bright red or yellow, have little odor, and produce large quantities of nectar

32
Q

The petals of bird-pollinated flowers are often fused into a

A

floral tube that fits the curved beak of the bird

33
Q

Coevolution

A

the joint evolution of two or more interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other

34
Q

The shapes and sizes of flowers often correspond to the

A

pollen-transporting parts of their animal pollinators

35
Q

The angiosperm life cycle includes

A
  1. Gametophyte development
  2. Sperm delivery by pollen tubes
  3. Double fertilization
  4. Seed development
36
Q

Gametophytes have evolved to become reduced in size and wholly dependent on the ……… for ……..

A

sporophyte / nutrients

37
Q

Angiosperm gametophytes are microscopic, and their development is hidden by ……. ………

A

protective tissues

38
Q

The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective

A

seed coat

39
Q

The seed dehydrates and enters a state of

A

dormancy

40
Q

A mature seed is only about

A

5–15% water

41
Q

In some eudicots, such as the garden bean, the embryo consists of the

A

embryonic axis attached to two fleshy cotyledons

42
Q

Below the cotyledons, the embryonic axis is called the ………. and terminates in the …………

A

hypocotyl / radicle (embryonic root)

43
Q

Seed dormancy increases the chances that

A

germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

44
Q

Seed dormancy breaks when

A

environmental conditions are right for growth

45
Q

Germination is followed by growth of

A

stems, leaves, and roots and eventually by flowering

46
Q

Imbibition

A

The uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed, germination depends on it.

47
Q

The …….. emerges first; the developing root system ….. ….. ….. and provides water for …… …….

A

radicle (embryonic root) / anchors the plant / cell expansion

48
Q

In many ……., a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground

A

eudicots

49
Q

…….. causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up

A

Light

50
Q

In some ………, the coleoptile pushes up through the soil, creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow through

A

monocots

51
Q

Flowers are typically synchronized to appear at a specific time of the year. Why?

A

This promotes outbreeding—reproduction between two genetically distinct individuals

52
Q

Flowering is triggered by a combination of

A

environmental cues and internal signals

53
Q

A developmental switch from vegetative to reproductive growth occurs in the

A

apical meristem

54
Q

Fruit

A
  • The mature ovary of a flower
  • Protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals
55
Q

Fruit only develops in response to

A

hormonal changes triggered by fertilization

56
Q

In some fruits, the ovary wall

A

dries out at maturity; in others the ovary wall remains fleshy

57
Q

A fruit usually ripens at the same time that the

A

seeds complete development

58
Q

In dry fruits, ripening involves

A

aging and drying of tissues

59
Q

Fleshy fruits change from green to

A

another contrasting color

60
Q

Sugar is produced to

A

attract animal dispersers

61
Q

Fruits are classified based on

A

their developmental origin

62
Q

Simple fruits

A

develop from a single or several fused carpels

63
Q

Aggregate fruits

A

result from a single flower with multiple separate carpels

64
Q

Multiple fruits

A

develop from a group of flowers called an inflorescence

65
Q

Accessory fruits

A

contain other floral parts in addition to ovaries

66
Q

Tumbleweeds

A

break off at the ground and tumble across the terrain, scattering their seeds

67
Q

Fragmentation

A

Separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

68
Q

Apomixis

A

the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

69
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Do not require pollinators to produce offspring
  • All progeny are genetically identical to the parent, compared to half with sex
  • If environment stable, same is good
  • When asexual progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments, it is called vegetative reproduction
  • These progeny are more resilient than the fragile seedlings that germinate from seeds
  • Production of enormous numbers of seeds compensates for odds against individual survival
70
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Lack of genetic variation makes them vulnerable to local extinction if environment changes
  • Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible
  • Seed production also facilitates long distance dispersal to escape catastrophic environmental change
  • Some sexual plants can self-fertilize to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed
71
Q

Selfing

A

reduces genetic diversity among offspring

Biological Systems (13 decks)

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