Biodiversity (Plants) Flashcards

1
Q

What did plants evolve from

A

Green algae

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2
Q

How many known plant species are there?

A

325,000 known plant species today; most live on land

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3
Q

What are the closest relatives of plants

A

Green algae (photosynthetic protists) called charophytes

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4
Q

Key traits of plants that also appear in some algae

A
  • Plants and some algae are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
    autotrophs
  • Some algae, like plants, have cellulose in their cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a and b
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5
Q

Sporopollenin

A
  • a polymer that charophytes have a coating of which prevents zygotes from drying out
  • found in plant spore walls
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6
Q

Why move to land?

A
  • unfiltered sunlight
  • more plentiful CO2,
  • nutrient-rich soil
  • Initially,morespace!
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7
Q

Why not move to land?

A
  • scarcity of water
  • lack of structural support against gravity
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8
Q

Four key traits appear in nearly all plants but are absent in the charophytes

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. Apical meristems
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9
Q

Alternation of generations

A

life cycles alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes

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10
Q

What does the multicellular haploid gametophyte produce

A

haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis

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11
Q

Spores develop into

A

gametophytes

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12
Q

Fertilized eggs (zygotes) develop into

A

sporophytes

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13
Q

The diploid embryo is retained and protected within the tissue of

A

the female gametophyte

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14
Q

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through

A

placental transfer cells

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15
Q

Plants are called embryophytes because

A

of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

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16
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called

A

sporangia

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17
Q

Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes them

A

resistant to harsh environments

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18
Q

Apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

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19
Q

These cells divide continuously, enabling

A

elongation of roots and shoots for better resource acquisition

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20
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy covering of the epidermis that
reduces water loss

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21
Q

stomata

A

pores that facilitate gas exchange between the outside air and internal plant tissues

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22
Q

Early plants lacked …… making absorption of nutrients from the soil challenging

A

true roots (and leaves)

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23
Q

420 million-year-old fossils suggest that symbiotic associations with fungi (mycorrhizae), may have

A

helped plants without roots to colonize land

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24
Q

When did microorganisms colonize land

A

3.2 billion years ago

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25
Q

Vascular plants

A

Plants with complex vascular tissue system

26
Q

Vascular tissue

A

cells joined into tubes
for the transport of water and nutrients

27
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

have an extensive vascular transport system, but do not produce seeds

28
Q

Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)

A

lack an extensive transport system

29
Q

What did tree roots break down

A

rocks, releasing chemicals that reacted with CO2

30
Q

What resulted from the subsequent drop in atmospheric CO2

A

Global cooling and widespread glaciation

31
Q

The majority of living plants are

A

seed plants— vascular plants that produce seeds

32
Q

Seed

A

an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

33
Q

Seed plants can be divided into two groups

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Angiosperms
34
Q

Gymnosperms

A

form a clade that produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers (“naked seeds”)

35
Q

Angiosperms

A

form a clade that produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers

36
Q

Nearly 90% of living plant species are

A

angiosperms

37
Q

Seeds can disperse over

A

long distances by wind or other means

38
Q

If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant

A

the zygote grows into a sporophyte embryo

39
Q

The ovule develops into a seed:

A

an embryo, with a food supply, packaged in a protective coat

40
Q

Both …. and …. provide protection from harsh conditions and facilitate dispersal

A

seeds / spores

41
Q

In addition to seeds, all seed plants have reduced

A

gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, and pollen

42
Q

These adaptations help plants cope with

A

droughtand exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

43
Q

Water is not required for fertilization in

A

seed plants

44
Q

Characteristics found in living seed plants date back to

A

the late Devonian period (380 million years ago)

45
Q

A 360-million-year-old fossil from the genus …… provides the earliest evidence of seed plants

A

Elkinsia

46
Q

The oldest gymnosperm fossils are about

A

305 million years old

47
Q

Gymnosperms replaced …………… in the drying climate of the late Carboniferous period

A

seedless vascular plants

48
Q

What helped gymnosperms thrive?

A

Seeds, pollen, and adaptations for drought tolerance

49
Q

The gymnosperms consist of four phyla

A

– Cycadophyta
– Ginkgophyta
– Gnetophyta
– Coniferophyta

50
Q

Gymnosperms have “naked seeds” exposed on

A

sporophylls that usually form cones

51
Q

Most gymnosperms are cone- bearing plants called

A

conifers, such as pines, firs, and redwoods

52
Q

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures (key adaptations) called

A

flowers and fruits

53
Q

With more than ………., angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread plants

A

290,000 species (90% of all plants)

54
Q

All angiosperms belong to the phylum

A

Anthophyta

55
Q

Flower

A

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

56
Q

Some angiosperms are wind pollinated, particularly those that occur in

A

dense populations, such as grass

57
Q

Flowers are variable in

A

shape (symmetry), size,
color, and odor

58
Q

Plant-pollinator interactions may have affected the

A

rate of new species formation

59
Q

Angiosperms have been historically divided into two groups

A
  • Monocots (one cotyledon)
  • Dicots (two cotyledons)
60
Q

Eudicots (“true” dicots)

A

form a clade that includes most of the species once categorized as dicots