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Biology 1204 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main groups of plants?

A

1- Charophytes
2- non-vascular seedless
3- vascular seedless
4- vascular seed

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2
Q

What are non-vascular seedless plants? 3 examples

A

Bryophytes

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular seed plants? 3 exampls for each

A

Lycophtes - club mosses, quillworts, spike mosses

Pterophytes - whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns

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4
Q

What are the 2 vascular seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

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5
Q

What are Charophytes? What are they most closely related to?

A

algae

Closely related to land plants

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6
Q

What are 3 features that distinguish land parts? What 2 sea “plants” fit in with these?

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic autotrophs

Red and brown seaweeds

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7
Q

Land plants also have what in their cell? (3) what is this the same as?

A

Cell walls, chlorophyll a and b in their chloroplasts

Same as serval algae groups

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8
Q

What 2 features does land plants share with their closet group the Charophytes?

A

1- both have plasma membrane containing rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes for the cellulose within the cell walls
2- both have peroxisomes = enzyme minimizes the loss of organic products due to photorespiration

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9
Q

What is the last thing that connects land plants and Charophytes in the life cycles?

A

Flagellated sperm cells

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10
Q

What are the 5 things that have allowed land plants to diversify out from Charophytes since conquering land?

A 
1- apical meristems
2- multicellular embryos 
3- alternation of generations
4- sporangia producing walled spores
5- gametangia producing gametes
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11
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

Localized regions of cell division at tips of shoots and roots

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12
Q

What does it mean to have multicellular embryos? (4)

A

They develop from zygotes
that are retained within tissue of female plant
which provides nutrients
with specialized placental transfer cells

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13
Q

What life cycle do all land plants shows?

A

Alternation of generation

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14
Q

Where else does alternation of generation occur? Where doesn’t it happen?

A

Happens in green algae

Doesn’t happen in Charophytes (type of algae closest related to land plants)

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15
Q

Explain the 6 stages of alternation of generation

A

Diploid sporophyte
Undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
Spores undergo mitosis to get haploid gametophyte
Gametophyte through mitosis produces haploid gametes
Fertilization or 2 gametes produces diploid zygote
Zygote goes through mitosis to get diploid sporophyte

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16
Q

What are the spores produced by a sporophyte covered in?

A

Sporopollenin = durable organic material

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17
Q

As we move into more complex alteration of generation life cycles, what grows on the sporophytes that specifically produces the spores?

A

Sporangia = diploid spore mother cells undergo meiosis to get haploid spores

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18
Q

As we move into more complex alteration of generation life cycles, what grows on the gametophyte that specifically produces the gametes? Which 3 do we see this in?

A

Gametangia

In bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of gametangia called?

A 
Female = archegonium producing single egg
Male = antheridium producing many sperm cells
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20
Q

The 3 types of bryophytes are liverworts, hornworts and mosses. What are their phylums?

A 
Liverworts = Hepatophyta
Hornworts = Anthocerophyta
Mosses = Bryophyta
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21
Q

What is the dominate stage in bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte stage

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22
Q

Explain the characteristics gametophytes stage in bryophytes (called)

A

Mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filament = called protonema

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23
Q

Explain the bryophyte life cycle (7)

A

Male haploid gametophyte - top antheridia with haploid sperm
Female haploid gametophyte - top archegonia with haploid egg
Sperm gets dispersed by water over to archegonia
Fertilization occurs in archegonia = diploid zygote
Mitosis grows diploid sporophyte out of archegonia
Tip of sporophyte is sporangia undergo meiosis for haploid spores
Spores are released and through mitosis grow into male/female gametophytes

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24
Q

How are bryophytes anchored into ground?

A

With rhizoids = not the same as roots

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25
Q

Due to bryophytes being non-vascular, what do they lack? What does this mean (2)?

A

Lack xylem = can’t distribute water and have supporting tissues

26
Q

What are the 2 phylums of the vascular seedless plants lycophytes and pterophytes?

A 
Lycophytes = club mosses, quillworts, spike mosses = phylum Lycophyta 
Pterophytes = which ferns, horsetails, ferns = phylum Pterophyta
27
Q

What is the dominant stage in vascular seedless plants?

A

Sporophyte is dominant

28
Q

What is seen in the more evolved group seedless vascular land plants (spores)?

A

Homosporous = all spores same size and contain both antheridium and archegonium vs. Heterosporous = differentiation in sexes on spores

29
Q

What is the sporangia grow on the sporophyte on ferns called? Where are they found?

A

Cluster called sori found on underside of the green leaves = sporophylls

30
Q

Explain the life cycle of a fern as a Pterophyte seedless vascular plant (8)

A

Diploid sporophyte have sori
Each sori has a sporangia
Inside sporangia undergoes meiosis = haploid spores
Spores are released to grow into young haploid gametophyte
Mature gametophyte has antheridia w/ sperm and archegonia w/ egg
Sperm is released and swims to egg
Fertilization happens w/in archegonia = diploid zygote
Mitosis grow new diploid sporophyte from haploid gametophyte

31
Q

If heterosporous allows for differentiation of sexes on spores, what does this mean?

A

Megasporangia produces Megaspores = develop into female gametophyte
Microsporangia produces Mircospores = develop into male gametophyte

32
Q

Explain the life cycle of selanginella a lycophyte seedless vascular plant (8)

A

Diploid sporophyte grows strobilus
Strobilus has micro/megasporophyll w/ micro/megasporangia
Micro/megasporangia undergo meiosis to get haploid micro/megaspores = released
Microspores develop microgametophyte w/ antheridia w/ sperm
Megaspores develop megagametophyte w/ archegonia w/ egg
Sperm released and fertilizes egg = diploid zygote
Zygote through mitosis = diploid mature gametophyte
Grows into diploid sporophyte

33
Q

Where are seedless vascular plants most common? Similar to what?

A

Is damp habitats like non-vascular plants

34
Q

What does gymnosperm mean?

A

“Naked seeds” - ovules and seeds develop on the surfaces of sporophylls

35
Q

What are the 4 phylums of gymnosperms?

A

Ginkophyta
Cycadophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

36
Q

What are the 3 adaptations of a pine as a gymnosperm of vascular seed plants?

A

1- sporophyte stage increases in dominance
2- seeds has resistant, dispersal stage
3- pollen dispersed by air

37
Q

Explain the life cycle of a pine tree (10)

A

Diploid sporophyte grows ovule cone and pollen cone
Pollen cone has microsporophyll w/ microsporangia
Microsporangia undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores
Ovule cone has megasporophyll w/ megasporangia
Megasporangia undergoes meiosis to produce haploid megaspores
Inside megaspores is archegonia w/ egg
When microspores are related then become pollen grains
Pollination = sperm from pollen moves down to egg in archegonia
Fertilization = diploid embryo surrounded by haploid female gametophyte w/ diploid parent sporophyte = seed
Mitosis forms diploid seedling which grows into diploid sporophyte

38
Q

How does pollination occur in gymnosperms?

A

By wind or animals

39
Q

There are 4 megaspores produced in a megasporangium. Do they all survive?

A

No only 1 out of the 4 per each megasporangium will survive

40
Q

Explain pollination in gymnosperms

A

When pollen lands on megasporangia and a pollen tube has developed from one of the sperm cells in pollen

41
Q

Explain fertilization in gymnosperms

A

When the sperm and egg finally fuse inside the archegonia

42
Q

Explain a seed in gymnosperm

A

Diploid zygote surrounded by the nutritive tissue of haploid female gametophyte still inside the original diploid female sporophyte

43
Q

What is the male gametophyte of gymnosperms?

A

Is the same as pollen gains

44
Q

What are angiosperms known as?

A

Flowering plants

45
Q

What is the phylum of angiosperms?

A

Anthophyta

46
Q

What are the 2 main classes of angiosperms?

A

Monocots and dicots

47
Q

Explain the flower of an angiosperm

A

Specialized shoot w/ 4 circles of modified leaves called whorls
These are sepals, petals, stamen, and carpals

48
Q

What is the stamen as a whorl of an angiosperm flower? What 2 things does it consist of?

A

Male reproductive organs = sporophyll that produces microspores which will grow into male gametophyte
Consists of = stalk (filament) and sac (anther) where pollen is produced

49
Q

What is the carpals as a whorl of an angiosperm flower? What 3 things does it consist of?

A

Female sporophyll that produces megaspores that produces the female gametophyte
Consist of = tip a sticky stigma that receives pollen, style that leads to the ovary, which is at base of carpal and holds the ovules and later seeds

50
Q

What is a fruit of an angiosperm?

A

A mature ovary developed from seeds that are fertilized ovules

51
Q

Describe how a fruit is made

A

After pollination wall of ovary becomes pericarp = thicken wall of fruit. Other parts of flower wither away

52
Q

What are the 3 classifications of fruits?

A

1- simple = single flower with single ovary
2- aggregate = single flower multiple ovaries
3- multiple = multiple flowers each with own ovary

53
Q

What is an example of the 3 classifications of fruits?

A 
Simple = cherry our soybean pod
Aggregate = blackberry 
Multiple = pineapple
54
Q

Explain the male gametophyte of an angiosperm

A

Contained within pollen grain, which develops in the anther of the stamen

55
Q

Explain the cells of a pollen grain of an angiosperm

A

Only 2 haploid cells

56
Q

Explain the ovules of an angiosperm

A

Contains the female gametophyte = embryo sac

Developed within ovary of the carpal

57
Q

Explain the life cycle of an angiosperm (8)

A 
Diploid flower (sporophyte) 
In anther (microsporangia) undergo meiosis = haploid microspores mitosis = pollen grain 
In ovary, the ovules (megasporangia) undergo meiosis = haploid megaspores mitosis = embryo sac (female gametophyte) 
Pollination = pollen grain released and land on stigma
Double Fertilization = 2 sperm cell fertilize egg and polar nuclei cell
Diploid zygote inside a triploid endosperm 
Seed = Embryo inside endosperm inside seed coat 
Germinated seed = seedling which matures into a flower
58
Q

Although flowers can self-pollinate, what else must they be able to do?

A

Cross-pollination

59
Q

Explain double fertilization in angiosperms

A

Once pollination has happened, the tube cell of the pollen grain will create a tribe for the generative cell (inside is 2 sperm cells) to go down and the 2 sperms cells will be released into the ovule and fertilize the egg and the polar nuclei cell

60
Q

When the embryos of an angiosperm develops it has a root and 1 or 2 seed leaves. What are these leaves called and how can you tell the type of angiosperm form them?

A

Called cotyledons
Monocots have 1 cotyledon
Dicots have 2 cotyledons

61
Q

What is coevolution? What reinforces it? What does it improve?

A

Mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species
Natural selection reinforces the interactions between the species
Helps to improve reproductive success for both

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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