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Biology 1204 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main groups of plants?

A

1- Charophytes
2- non-vascular seedless
3- vascular seedless
4- vascular seed

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2
Q

What are non-vascular seedless plants? 3 examples

A

Bryophytes

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular seed plants? 3 exampls for each

A

Lycophtes - club mosses, quillworts, spike mosses

Pterophytes - whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns

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4
Q

What are the 2 vascular seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

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5
Q

What are Charophytes? What are they most closely related to?

A

algae

Closely related to land plants

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6
Q

What are 3 features that distinguish land parts? What 2 sea “plants” fit in with these?

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic autotrophs

Red and brown seaweeds

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7
Q

Land plants also have what in their cell? (3) what is this the same as?

A

Cell walls, chlorophyll a and b in their chloroplasts

Same as serval algae groups

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8
Q

What 2 features does land plants share with their closet group the Charophytes?

A

1- both have plasma membrane containing rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes for the cellulose within the cell walls
2- both have peroxisomes = enzyme minimizes the loss of organic products due to photorespiration

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9
Q

What is the last thing that connects land plants and Charophytes in the life cycles?

A

Flagellated sperm cells

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10
Q

What are the 5 things that have allowed land plants to diversify out from Charophytes since conquering land?

A 
1- apical meristems
2- multicellular embryos 
3- alternation of generations
4- sporangia producing walled spores
5- gametangia producing gametes
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11
Q

What is apical meristem?

A

Localized regions of cell division at tips of shoots and roots

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12
Q

What does it mean to have multicellular embryos? (4)

A

They develop from zygotes
that are retained within tissue of female plant
which provides nutrients
with specialized placental transfer cells

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13
Q

What life cycle do all land plants shows?

A

Alternation of generation

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14
Q

Where else does alternation of generation occur? Where doesn’t it happen?

A

Happens in green algae

Doesn’t happen in Charophytes (type of algae closest related to land plants)

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15
Q

Explain the 6 stages of alternation of generation

A

Diploid sporophyte
Undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
Spores undergo mitosis to get haploid gametophyte
Gametophyte through mitosis produces haploid gametes
Fertilization or 2 gametes produces diploid zygote
Zygote goes through mitosis to get diploid sporophyte

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16
Q

What are the spores produced by a sporophyte covered in?

A

Sporopollenin = durable organic material

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17
Q

As we move into more complex alteration of generation life cycles, what grows on the sporophytes that specifically produces the spores?

A

Sporangia = diploid spore mother cells undergo meiosis to get haploid spores

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18
Q

As we move into more complex alteration of generation life cycles, what grows on the gametophyte that specifically produces the gametes? Which 3 do we see this in?

A

Gametangia

In bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of gametangia called?

A 
Female = archegonium producing single egg
Male = antheridium producing many sperm cells
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20
Q

The 3 types of bryophytes are liverworts, hornworts and mosses. What are their phylums?

A 
Liverworts = Hepatophyta
Hornworts = Anthocerophyta
Mosses = Bryophyta
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21
Q

What is the dominate stage in bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte stage

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22
Q

Explain the characteristics gametophytes stage in bryophytes (called)

A

Mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filament = called protonema

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23
Q

Explain the bryophyte life cycle (7)

A

Male haploid gametophyte - top antheridia with haploid sperm
Female haploid gametophyte - top archegonia with haploid egg
Sperm gets dispersed by water over to archegonia
Fertilization occurs in archegonia = diploid zygote
Mitosis grows diploid sporophyte out of archegonia
Tip of sporophyte is sporangia undergo meiosis for haploid spores
Spores are released and through mitosis grow into male/female gametophytes

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24
Q

How are bryophytes anchored into ground?

A

With rhizoids = not the same as roots

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25
Due to bryophytes being non-vascular, what do they lack? What does this mean (2)?
Lack xylem = can't distribute water and have supporting tissues
26
What are the 2 phylums of the vascular seedless plants lycophytes and pterophytes?
``` Lycophytes = club mosses, quillworts, spike mosses = phylum Lycophyta Pterophytes = which ferns, horsetails, ferns = phylum Pterophyta ```
27
What is the dominant stage in vascular seedless plants?
Sporophyte is dominant
28
What is seen in the more evolved group seedless vascular land plants (spores)?
Homosporous = all spores same size and contain both antheridium and archegonium vs. Heterosporous = differentiation in sexes on spores
29
What is the sporangia grow on the sporophyte on ferns called? Where are they found?
Cluster called sori found on underside of the green leaves = sporophylls
30
Explain the life cycle of a fern as a Pterophyte seedless vascular plant (8)
Diploid sporophyte have sori Each sori has a sporangia Inside sporangia undergoes meiosis = haploid spores Spores are released to grow into young haploid gametophyte Mature gametophyte has antheridia w/ sperm and archegonia w/ egg Sperm is released and swims to egg Fertilization happens w/in archegonia = diploid zygote Mitosis grow new diploid sporophyte from haploid gametophyte
31
If heterosporous allows for differentiation of sexes on spores, what does this mean?
Megasporangia produces Megaspores = develop into female gametophyte Microsporangia produces Mircospores = develop into male gametophyte
32
Explain the life cycle of selanginella a lycophyte seedless vascular plant (8)
Diploid sporophyte grows strobilus Strobilus has micro/megasporophyll w/ micro/megasporangia Micro/megasporangia undergo meiosis to get haploid micro/megaspores = released Microspores develop microgametophyte w/ antheridia w/ sperm Megaspores develop megagametophyte w/ archegonia w/ egg Sperm released and fertilizes egg = diploid zygote Zygote through mitosis = diploid mature gametophyte Grows into diploid sporophyte
33
Where are seedless vascular plants most common? Similar to what?
Is damp habitats like non-vascular plants
34
What does gymnosperm mean?
"Naked seeds" - ovules and seeds develop on the surfaces of sporophylls
35
What are the 4 phylums of gymnosperms?
Ginkophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
36
What are the 3 adaptations of a pine as a gymnosperm of vascular seed plants?
1- sporophyte stage increases in dominance 2- seeds has resistant, dispersal stage 3- pollen dispersed by air
37
Explain the life cycle of a pine tree (10)
Diploid sporophyte grows ovule cone and pollen cone Pollen cone has microsporophyll w/ microsporangia Microsporangia undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores Ovule cone has megasporophyll w/ megasporangia Megasporangia undergoes meiosis to produce haploid megaspores Inside megaspores is archegonia w/ egg When microspores are related then become pollen grains Pollination = sperm from pollen moves down to egg in archegonia Fertilization = diploid embryo surrounded by haploid female gametophyte w/ diploid parent sporophyte = seed Mitosis forms diploid seedling which grows into diploid sporophyte
38
How does pollination occur in gymnosperms?
By wind or animals
39
There are 4 megaspores produced in a megasporangium. Do they all survive?
No only 1 out of the 4 per each megasporangium will survive
40
Explain pollination in gymnosperms
When pollen lands on megasporangia and a pollen tube has developed from one of the sperm cells in pollen
41
Explain fertilization in gymnosperms
When the sperm and egg finally fuse inside the archegonia
42
Explain a seed in gymnosperm
Diploid zygote surrounded by the nutritive tissue of haploid female gametophyte still inside the original diploid female sporophyte
43
What is the male gametophyte of gymnosperms?
Is the same as pollen gains
44
What are angiosperms known as?
Flowering plants
45
What is the phylum of angiosperms?
Anthophyta
46
What are the 2 main classes of angiosperms?
Monocots and dicots
47
Explain the flower of an angiosperm
Specialized shoot w/ 4 circles of modified leaves called whorls These are sepals, petals, stamen, and carpals
48
What is the stamen as a whorl of an angiosperm flower? What 2 things does it consist of?
Male reproductive organs = sporophyll that produces microspores which will grow into male gametophyte Consists of = stalk (filament) and sac (anther) where pollen is produced
49
What is the carpals as a whorl of an angiosperm flower? What 3 things does it consist of?
Female sporophyll that produces megaspores that produces the female gametophyte Consist of = tip a sticky stigma that receives pollen, style that leads to the ovary, which is at base of carpal and holds the ovules and later seeds
50
What is a fruit of an angiosperm?
A mature ovary developed from seeds that are fertilized ovules
51
Describe how a fruit is made
After pollination wall of ovary becomes pericarp = thicken wall of fruit. Other parts of flower wither away
52
What are the 3 classifications of fruits?
1- simple = single flower with single ovary 2- aggregate = single flower multiple ovaries 3- multiple = multiple flowers each with own ovary
53
What is an example of the 3 classifications of fruits?
``` Simple = cherry our soybean pod Aggregate = blackberry Multiple = pineapple ```
54
Explain the male gametophyte of an angiosperm
Contained within pollen grain, which develops in the anther of the stamen
55
Explain the cells of a pollen grain of an angiosperm
Only 2 haploid cells
56
Explain the ovules of an angiosperm
Contains the female gametophyte = embryo sac | Developed within ovary of the carpal
57
Explain the life cycle of an angiosperm (8)
``` Diploid flower (sporophyte) In anther (microsporangia) undergo meiosis = haploid microspores mitosis = pollen grain In ovary, the ovules (megasporangia) undergo meiosis = haploid megaspores mitosis = embryo sac (female gametophyte) Pollination = pollen grain released and land on stigma Double Fertilization = 2 sperm cell fertilize egg and polar nuclei cell Diploid zygote inside a triploid endosperm Seed = Embryo inside endosperm inside seed coat Germinated seed = seedling which matures into a flower ```
58
Although flowers can self-pollinate, what else must they be able to do?
Cross-pollination
59
Explain double fertilization in angiosperms
Once pollination has happened, the tube cell of the pollen grain will create a tribe for the generative cell (inside is 2 sperm cells) to go down and the 2 sperms cells will be released into the ovule and fertilize the egg and the polar nuclei cell
60
When the embryos of an angiosperm develops it has a root and 1 or 2 seed leaves. What are these leaves called and how can you tell the type of angiosperm form them?
Called cotyledons Monocots have 1 cotyledon Dicots have 2 cotyledons
61
What is coevolution? What reinforces it? What does it improve?
Mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species Natural selection reinforces the interactions between the species Helps to improve reproductive success for both

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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