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Biology 1204 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the idea of Biodiversity?

A

E. O. Wilson

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2
Q

What did EO. Wilson say about biodiversity?

A

The totality of inherited variation in all organisms of a selected area

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3
Q

Why is evolution important?

A

B/c nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution

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4
Q

What are the 4 things evolution allows us to understand?

A

1- diseases
2- explains diversity of life on earth
3- agriculture = plant/animal breeding and origin of crops
4- managing wildlife

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5
Q

What is biology defined as?

A

The study of living organisms and life processes

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6
Q

What are the. 4 major concepts of biology?

A

1- hierarchy of biological organization
2- emergent properties of systems
3- diversity of life
4- evolution

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7
Q

Explain Hierarchy of biological organization as a major concept of biology

A

Life can be organized into structural levels.

At each successive level additional emergent properties appear

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8
Q

What are the 8 different levels in the hierarchy of biological organization?

A 
1- Atomic level 
2- Molecular level 
3- Organelle level 
4- Cellular level
5- Tissue level 
6- Organ level 
7- Organ system level 
8- Organism level
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9
Q

Instead of the 8 levels of hierarchy of biological organization, what are the 14 structures?

A 
1- atoms
2- complex biological molecules
3- sub-cellular organisms
4- cells = basis units of structure and functions (similar cells are organized)
5- tissues, 6- organs 
7- organ systems
8- individuals = complex organisms 
9- group, 10- population 
11- community, 12- ecosystem 
13- biomes, 14- biosphere
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10
Q

What are the 6 levels of organizations in biodiversity? Where does evolution happen?

A 
1- Species 
2- subspecies 
3- population (evolution happens here)
4- individuals or phenotype
5- genotype 
6- DNA
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11
Q

Explain Emergent properties of systems as a major concept of biology

A

Properties that arise as a result of interactions between component parts

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of emergent properties of systems as a major concept of biology

A

1- Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

2- spontaneous folding of polypeptide chains

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13
Q

Explain Diversity of life as a major concept of biology

A

There is 1.2 million species of living organism that have been describes and classified
BUT total # not yet described could be 9-11 million

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14
Q

What is classification as a part of diversity of life on earth?

A

Categorized diverse items into small # of groups

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15
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Branch of biology that names and classifies species into hierarchical order

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16
Q

What is the modern taxonomy system called? When was it made? By who?

A

Binomial nomenclature - 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus

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17
Q

What are the 7 levels of Binomial nomenclature?

A 
1- kingdom 
2- phylums
3- class
4- order
5- family 
6- genus 
7- species
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18
Q

How do we write the names of the organisms in binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus then Species

Both italicizes but only genus Capitalized

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19
Q

How has the binomial nomenclature changed since its invention?

A

Used to be only 5 kingdoms - now 6-8 added

Added 8th layer = Domain - higher than kingdom

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20
Q

What are the 3 Domain levels?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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21
Q

What 2 things can be said about the 3 domains?

A

1- bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes

2- archaea more closely related to eukarya than bacteria

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22
Q

What 4 kingdoms of the domain Eukarya do we need to know?

A

1- animalia
2- Fungi
3- plantae
4- Protista

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23
Q

What is the underlying diversity of life on a microscopic level?

A

Sticking unity

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24
Q

What is the universal genetic language?

A

DNA unites

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25
Q

In eukaryotes unity is evident in?

A

Many details of cell structures

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26
Q

What is evolution?

A

Combination of unity and diversity of life

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27
Q

Explain Evolution as a major concept of biology

A

The core theme of biology = how life evolves

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28
Q

Explain the tree of life (3)

A
  • Each species is one twig
  • Species that are very similar = share common ancestor = 2 twigs from recent branching point
  • similarities in cellular structure (cilia) = common ancestor for all eukaryotes
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29
Q

How is all life connected?

A

Through evolution

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30
Q

What did Charles Darwin come up with and in what year?

A

The origin of species - in 1859

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31
Q

What was darwin’s 2 main ideas in the origin of species?

A

1- contemporary species arose from a secession of ancestors through “descent with modification” = evolution
2- mechanism of evolution is natural selection

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32
Q

Explain Darwin’s descent with modification

A

Similarities between species grouped in same taxonomic category

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33
Q

What is an example of descent with modification?

A

Forearms in humans, cats, whales and bats = share same skeletal elements but different functions b/c they diverged from ancestral tetrapod forelimbs = they have homologous structures

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34
Q

What was Darwin’s first observation about NS?

A

Individuals in a pop of any species vary in many heritable traits

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35
Q

What was Darwin’s second observation about NS?

A

Any pop can potential produce far more offspring then the environment can support = struggle for existence among variant member of pop

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36
Q

What was Darwin’s conclusion about his two observations fro NS?

A

Those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will generally leave more surviving and fertile offspring

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37
Q

What can NS do over long periods of time?

A

Produce new species from ancestral species

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38
Q

If a pop is fragmented into isolated groups what will happened to them?

A

Began as one species diverse is into many - each changing to adapt to its different environmental problems

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39
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Flinches of Galápagos Islands diversified after an initial colonization from the mainland to exploit different food sources on different islands

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40
Q

What does descent with modification account for?

A

Both the unity and diversity of life

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41
Q

Where is descent with modification generally seen?

A

Feature shared by 2 species due to their descent from a common ancestor

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42
Q

How can NS have an impact of descent with modification?

A

Modifies ancestral equipment in different environments

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43
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the first observation?

A

From plant and animal breeders - variation among individuals in pops exists and is an inherent property of pop

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44
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the second observation?

A

From plant and animals breeders - variation is heritable (=genetics)

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45
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the third observation?

A

From Malthus - pop can only grow a certain size (carrying capacity) in a particular environment and then reach a steady state

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46
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the fourth observation?

A

Darwin - organisms produces large # of offspring each generation and tend to have a geometrical rate of increase

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47
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the first deduction?

A

Darwin - in. Each generation many more offspring are produced than can possibility survive

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48
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the second deduction?

A

Darwin - there is a “struggle for existence” among members of each pop

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49
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - What is the third deduction?

A

Darwin - individuals possessing variations that enable them to compete better than others in same pop in the “struggle for existence” will leave more offsprings = favorable traits will increase freq in pop over time as long as environment remains same = NS

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50
Q

Flow chart showing Darwin and NS with 4 observations and 3 deductions - Which observation supports which deduction?

A

Ob #1 (Inherent) - Ded #3 (Variation)
Ob #2 (genetics) - Ded #3 (variation)
Ob #3 (capacity) - Ded #1 (more offspring)
Ob #4 (Geometrical) - Ded #1 (more offspring)

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51
Q

What is geological time?

A

Fossil evidence of life up to 3.5 BYA or BYBP

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52
Q

How long has fossil evidence shown homo spines have been in extended for?

A

500,000 yrs

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53
Q

What are the 3 different fauna of time?

A

1- Cambrian
2- Paleozoic
3- Modern

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54
Q

What are the 5 mass extinctions as a feature of life on earth over geological time?

A 
1- end of Ordovician 
2- end of Devonian 
3- end of Permain
4- end of Triassic 
5- end of Cretaceous
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55
Q

What is the second feature of life on earth over geological time?

A

Turn over of species diversity

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56
Q

What is the third feature of life on earth over geological time?

A

Origin of a group doesn’t necessarily coincide with its radiation (proliferation (rapid increase in numbers) or diversification)

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57
Q

What is an example of the third feature of life on earth over geological time?

A

Mammals = originated early but once last ice age was over were allowed to expand and turn into many species

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58
Q

What are the 5 evidences of evolution?

A

1- direct observation of evolution in action
2- fossil records
3- anatomy and embryology
4- biogeography = pattern, processes and distribution
5- molecular biology = DNA and RNA

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59
Q

What did Darwin believe to be impossible about evolution?

A

That it could happen within a lifetime

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60
Q

Give 2 examples of evolution with a lifetime

A

1- antibiotic resistant bacterias

2- herbicide resistant plants

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61
Q

What is 1 of 4 direct observations of evolution?

A

1- E. Coli grown in glucose. Limited “broth” contained citrate. E. Coli cannot use critate for food but after serval years one group did

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62
Q

What is 2 of 4 direct observations of evolution?

A

Elephants hunted for tusks = some groups have become tusk less

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63
Q

What is 3 of 4 direct observations of evolution?

A

Darwin’s flinches on Daphne Major island = beak grew shorter and smaller for foods

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64
Q

What is 4 of 4 direct observations of evolution?

A

HIV evolution in 9 different people = HIV has variations

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65
Q

Define evolution

A

Descent with modification

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66
Q

What is genotype?

A

The underlying genetic makeup of an organism or of a phenotype

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67
Q

What is phenotype?

A

An observed trait expressed by an organism

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68
Q

What is a gene?

A

A physical and functional unit of DNA - could be a sequence of DNA that codes a protein

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69
Q

What is the Locus?

A

A position on a xsome - physical know position of a gene on a xsome

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70
Q

What is an allele?

A

Variations that arise by mutation an exist at that some locus on homologous xsome

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71
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of potentially interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other groups

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72
Q

What is a subspecies?

A

A recognized (named) tax on below the species level

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73
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals with roughly equivalent probability of mating with each other

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74
Q

Define evolution

A

Descent with modification

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75
Q

What is genotype?

A

The underlying genetic makeup of an organism or of a phenotype

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76
Q

What is phenotype?

A

An observed trait expressed by an organism

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77
Q

What is a gene?

A

A physical and functional unit of DNA - could be a sequence of DNA that codes a protein

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78
Q

What is the Locus?

A

A position on a xsome - physical know position of a gene on a xsome

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79
Q

What is an allele?

A

Variations that arise by mutation an exist at that some locus on homologous xsome

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80
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of potentially interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other groups

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81
Q

What is a subspecies?

A

A recognized (named) tax on below the species level

82
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals with roughly equivalent probability of mating with each other

83
Q

What can variation in nature be?

A

Continuous or discontinuous

84
Q

What is genetic variation within individuals?

A

Variation in a DNA sequence identifying a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

85
Q

What is population genetics?

A

The study of the change in allele freq in a pop over time

86
Q

What are the 3 factors of population genetics?

A

1- calculation genotype and allele freq
2- heterozygosity
3- Hardy-Weinberge equilibrium

87
Q

In gene counting what are the 3 genotypes?

A

AA
Aa
aa

88
Q

In gene counting what are the 3 numbers associated with genotypes?

A 
AA = A
Aa = B
aa = C
89
Q

What does the genotype number equal?

A

A + B + C = T (total)

90
Q

How do we find frequency of the 3 genotypes? (Genotype Frequencies)

A 
AA = D = A/T
Aa = H = B/T
aa = R = C/T
91
Q

What do the genotype frequencies equal?

A

D + H + R = 1

92
Q

What is the allele frequency equation for A? From freq and from number

A

P = D + 1/2 H

(A + 1/2B)/T

93
Q

What is the allele frequency equation for a? From freq and from number

A

q = 1/2H + R

(1/2B + C)/T

94
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

The first theory of population genetics

95
Q

What are the 4 factors of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

1- diploid organism = 3 genotypes = AA, Aa, aa
2- 2 allele at genetic locus = A and a
3- expect to be random mating
4- use rules of maxilla an segregation

96
Q

What are the expected frequencies of genotypes after one generation for HW?

A 
AA = p^2
Aa = 2pq
aa = q^2
97
Q

What are the expected frequencies of genotypes for HW equal?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

98
Q

What is binomial distribution?

A

After one generation of random mating = HW genotype freqs. will only change if a selection occurs (this will be starting point)

99
Q

In recessive vs dominant HW equations, what does the recessive observed genotype freq equal?

A

(aa) = q^2 or R = C/T

100
Q

In recessive vs dominant HW equations, what does the recessive allele freq equal?

A

(a) = root(q^2) or root(R) = root(C/T)

101
Q

What causes variation?

A

Environment

102
Q

What is the definition of variation?

A

An individual’s phenotype represents the combined effects of genotype and environment

103
Q

For variation what is the phenotype equation?

A 
P = Genotype + Environment + (genotype X environment) 
P= G + E + (G x E)
104
Q

What is the G, E and GxE in the phenotype equation?

A 
G = genetic effect 
E = environmental effect 
GxE = genetic effects whose expression depends on environment or environmental effects which only occur for certain genotypes
105
Q

What is phenotype plasticity?

A

Role of environment = environmental sensitive production of alternative phenotypes by a given phenotype

106
Q

What is heritability?

A

Fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a pop that is caused by genetic different among individuals

107
Q

How do we measure heritability?

A

Must know amount of phenotypic and genetic variation in pop

108
Q

What are the 3 factors we use to measure heritability?

A 
Vp = phenotypic variation 
Vg = genetic variation 
Ve = environmental variation
109
Q

What does phenotypic variation equal in heritability?

A

Vp = Vg + Ve = genetic variation + environmental variation

110
Q

What is the equation for heritability?

A

Heritability = h^2 = Vg/Vp = genetic variation / phenotypic variation

111
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

112
Q

Explain what heritability is and isn’t

A

It is a property of a pop at any given time (may have different allele freq and environmental differences)
It is not an inherent property of a trait

113
Q

How do we graphically determine heritability?

A

y-axis = mean offsprings vs x-axis = mean parent
Slope = h^2 = has to be between 0 or 1.
If equal 0 then there is no relation

114
Q

What did Darwin (like other scientists) assume before his travels?

A

Assumes species were specially created by God and were unchanging

115
Q

What are Darwin’s first 4 chapters in his “the origin of species” book - 1859?

A

Ch 1 - domestic variation
Ch 2 - natural variation
Ch 3 - struggle for life
Ch 4 - natural selection

116
Q

What was Darwin’s chapter 4 “natural selection” based on?

A

3 facts

117
Q

What was the first fact Darwin’s chapter 4 “NS” based on?

A

Phenotype variation amount individuals

118
Q

What was the second fact Darwin’s chapter 4 “NS” based on?

A

Particular phenotypes survive in the struggle for life

119
Q

What was the third fact Darwin’s chapter 4 “NS” based on?

A

Phenotypic variation is heritable

120
Q

What does the 3 facts that Darwin’s chapter 4 “NS” make up?

A

Fact 1 + 2+ 3 = evolution by NS

121
Q

What are the 3 ways in which we see evolution by NS work?

A

1- stabilizing selection
2- directional selection
3- diversifying selection

122
Q

Explain stabilizing selection as a type of evolution by NS

A

In a stabilizing selection an average phenotype is favored = around the “mean” average

123
Q

Describe the statistic graph of a stabilizing selection

A

Original pop = bell curve

Pop after NS = taller, thinner bell curve in the middle of original pop

124
Q

Explain directional selection as a type of evolution by NS

A

Directional selection is a change in the environment which shifts the spectrum of phenotypes observed

125
Q

Describe the statistic graph of a directional selection

A

Original pop = normal bell curve
Pop after NS = normal bell curve that has been shifted or moved to start more to the right or from the middle of original

127
Q

Explain diversifying selection as a type of evolution by NS

A

Diversifying selection is when 2 or more extreme phenotypes are selected for, while the average phenotype is selected against

128
Q

Describe the statistic graph of a diversifying selection

A

Original pop = normal bell curve
Pop after NS = M shaped curve where the 2 highest peaks are either side of the original curve and the lowest peak is at the dips in the middle of the original curve

129
Q

How do we determine variability of allele freqs?

A

Viability = w (substrate 1 or 2 depending on genotype) x allele genotype freq (p^2 or 2pq or q^2)

130
Q

What is the mean survival of pop?

A

= w..p^2 + w..2pq + w..q^2

131
Q

For natural selection freqs what is s and h?

A 
S = selection coefficient
H = dominance coefficient
132
Q

What does variability freq (w) equal?

A

W = 1 - s or 1 - selective coefficient

133
Q

Once you have the variability selection allele freq how do you get back to genotype allele freq?

A

w..p^2 / mean w = p^2

Mean w = w..p^2 + w..2pq + w..q^2

134
Q

What is the relation fitness equations for the genotypes AA, Aa and aa?

A 
AA = 1
Aa = 1 + (H X S)
aa = 1 + S
135
Q

What happen if there is no genetic variation?

A

No change will occur

136
Q

For response to selection what are the 3 factors?

A 
R = response to selection 
S = selection differential 
H^2 = heritability where it's between 0 and 1
137
Q

What is the response to selection equation?

A

R = h^2 x S

138
Q

What does a higher value for R is response to selection mean?

A

Higher R = higher response to selection = faster evolutionary change

139
Q

If NS causes adaptation what 5 processes cause pops to evolve?

A 
1 - NS
2 - genetic drift
3 - Gene flow
4 - mutation 
5 - non-random mating (sexual selection)
140
Q

Which one is or isn’t by chance between NS and GD (genetic drift)?

A 
NS = not by chance
GD = all on chance = cannot be predicted
141
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in the gene pool of a pop due to chance

142
Q

What is important to remember about GD and chance?

A

Predominant in small pops = chance events may lead to loss of genetic diversity

143
Q

Why are smaller pop effected more by GD?

A

Experience greater random effects than large pops

144
Q

What is GD about other than chance?

A

Pop size

145
Q

What is the first insight to GD?

A

Causes an average loss of genetic variation within a pop

146
Q

How does GD cause a loss in genetic variation?

A

Alleles are lost = homozygosity increase and heterozygosity decrease

147
Q

If alleles are lost due to GD changing genetic variation, what will happen?

A

Increase of probability of fixation of any given allele is equal to its freq

148
Q

What is the equation for probability of fixation?

A

E.g. A or a = p or q /2n

Where n = pop size and 2n is total # of all alleles in a diploid pop

149
Q

Explain what fixation is

A

Is when freq = 1 or 0. 1 to be fixed in a pop and 0 to be completely lost from pop. Which means one allele (A or a) is fixed and one is eliminated

150
Q

What is the second insight to GD?

A

Causes on average genetic divergence between pops

151
Q

How does GD cause genetic divergence between pops?

A

Unlikely that random alleles freq changes in different pops will have the same result = no 2 pops will have the same GD

152
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Move to of alleles between pops b/c individuals move around

153
Q

What is important to remember about gene flow?

A

Can alter allele freq in a pop

154
Q

Why can gene flow alter allele freq in a pop? (2)

A

Due to movement of individuals and movement of gametes (e.g pollen and spores)

155
Q

What is the rate of gene flow?

A

of individuals moving into a pop per year = can be high or low

156
Q

What is the difference between mainland and island gene flow?

A 
Mainland = selecting favoring regular pattern = diff between Dom and rec 
Island = selecting favoring reduced pattern = more equal between Dom and rec
157
Q

What is important to remember about gene flow?

A

Can alter allele freq in a pop

158
Q

Why can gene flow alter allele freq in a pop? (2)

A

Due to movement of individuals and movement of gametes (e.g pollen and spores)

159
Q

What is the rate of gene flow?

A

of individuals moving into a pop per year = can be high or low

160
Q

What is the difference between mainland and island gene flow?

A 
Mainland = selecting favoring regular pattern = diff between Dom and rec 
Island = selecting favoring reduced pattern = more equal between Dom and rec
161
Q

What does biological species concept emphasize on?

A

Reproduction isolation

162
Q

What do prezygotic and postzygotic barriers do?

A

Isolate the gene pools of biological species

163
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of 2 species from one original species - always have a common ancestor

164
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

A sequence of multiple speciation events from an original ancestor (during a relatively short period of time)

165
Q

What helps with adaptive radiation?

A

Less competition

166
Q

What do islands have due to adaptive radiation?

A

Endemic species (not seen anywhere else) - this results from NS but still originates from common ancestor

167
Q

What is macro-evolution?

A

Origin of new taxonomic groups due to micro = change in allele freq

168
Q

What does species mean in Latin?

A

Kind or appearance

169
Q

Who introduce biological species concept?

A

Mayr - 1942

170
Q

What was Mayr’s idea behind biological species concept?

A

A species is a pop or group of pop whose members can interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring and cannot do this with members of other species

171
Q

What is a species?

A

Groups of interbreeding natural pops that are reproductively isolated from other groups

172
Q

What are the issues dealing with species as the biological species concept? (3)

A

Reproductively isolated = zero gene flow = no hybridize (gene flow between species)
Doesn’t make sense for asexual species
Can’t apply when only dealing with fossils

173
Q

What are the 2 types of isolating/reproductive barriers (isolate gene pools) and when do these occur?

A

1- prezygotic = before mating/ before making zygote

2- postzygotic = after mating

174
Q

Where does the reproductive barriers happen?

A

Symmpatrick = same place and not asympatrick = diff areas

175
Q

What is hybridization?

A

2 different species produce viable offspring

176
Q

What are the 5 reproductive barriers for prezygotic?

A 
1- habitat isolation 
2- behavioral isolation 
3- temporal isolation 
4- mechanical isolation 
5- gametic isolation
177
Q

Between which reproductively barriers would mating occur from prezygotic?

A

Between temporal isolation and mechanical isolation

178
Q

Explain what is habitat isolation for prezygotic reproductive barrier

A

Symmpatrick but pops do not meet = same areas but different habitats

179
Q

Explain what is behavioral isolation for prezygotic reproductive barrier

A

Little to no sexual attraction

180
Q

Explain what is temporal isolation for prezygotic reproductive barrier

A

Mating/flowering occurs at different times or seasons

181
Q

Explain what is mechanical isolation for prezygotic reproductive barrier

A

Difference in genitalia or gametes

182
Q

Explain what is gametic isolation for prezygotic reproductive barrier

A

Egg and sperm don’t come together

183
Q

What happens between prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers?

A

Fertilization

184
Q

What are the 3 reproductive barriers for postzygotic?

A

1- reduce hybrid viability
2- reduced hybrid fertility
3- hybrid breakdown

185
Q

Explain what is reduced hybrid viability for postzygotic reproductive barrier

A

Zygote doesn’t develop int embryo

186
Q

Explain what is reduced hybrid fertility for postzygotic reproductive barrier

A

Fail to produce functional gametes

E.g mule

187
Q

Explain what is hybrid breakdown for postzygotic reproductive barrier

A

Offspring of hybrids decrease in viability and fertility

188
Q

What are the 4 alternative species concepts than biological species concept?

A

1- ecological species concept
2- pluralistic species concept
3- morphological species concept
4- genealogical species concept

189
Q

Explain ecological species concept as an alternative species concept

A

Species in terms of it’s ecological niche

190
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

Set of environmental resources that a species uses and it’s role in a biological community

191
Q

Explain pluralistic species concept as an alternative species concept

A

May invoke reproductive isolation or adaptation to an ecological niche or use both in maintaining distinctive cohesive groups

192
Q

Explain morphological species concept as an alternative species concept

A

The oldest and still most practical concept = defines a species by a unique set of structural feature

193
Q

Explain genealogical species concept as an alternative species concept

A

Defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history - one tip of branching tree of life

194
Q

What is hybridization? What can be said about there species?

A 
Divergent species (share common ancestor millions of years ago) can mate and produce offspring 
They can hybridize
195
Q

What can hybridization allow even against the odds?

A

Allows for hybrids to be and produce viable and fertile offspring

196
Q

What is the modified biological species concept?

A

Species defines as distinguishable group of genotypes that remain distinct in the face of potential and actual hybridization and gene flow

197
Q

What is the hybrid zone?

A

Area of overlap between species where hybridization occurs

198
Q

What is the hybrid zone also known as?

A

Suture zone

199
Q

What are the 3 changes in the hybrid zone?

A

1- reinforcement
2- fusion
3- stability

200
Q

Explain reinforcement as a type of hybrid zone

A

Hybrids are less fit than purebred species. Species continue to diverge until no hybridization

201
Q

Explain fusion as a type of hybrid zone

A

Reproductive barriers weaken until 2 species become one

202
Q

Explain stability as a type of hybrid zone

A

Fit hybrids continue to be produced

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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