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Biology 1204 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 ways do fungi live?

A

As decomposers and symbionts

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2
Q

Why can fungi live as decomposers and symbionts?

A

Because they absorb their nutrition

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3
Q

How has fungi evolved that has allowed them to survive absorbing their nutrition?

A

Extensive surface are and rapid growth

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4
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction that releases spores

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5
Q

What stage does many fungi have?

A

Heterokaryotic - reproductive where more than 1 nuclei (from different separate mating types) is present w/in same cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways in which fungi differ from eukaryotes?

A

1- nutrition mode
2- structural organization
3- growth
4- reproduction

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7
Q

What is it called when fungi (like animals) require their nutrition from absorption?

A

Heterotrophic

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8
Q

What do fungi use to help breakdown food surrounding it so it can absorb the simpler compounds?

A

Exoenzymes - powerful hydrolytic enzymes secreted outside

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9
Q

What are the 3 roles of fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients?

A

1- saprobic (decomposer)
2- parasitic
3- mutualistic

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10
Q

Explain Saprobic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients

A

(Decomposers) Fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms

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11
Q

Explain Parasitic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients. What can some be?

A

Fungi absorb nutrients from the cell of living hosts - some infecting humans and plants can be pathogenic

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12
Q

Explain Mutualistic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients

A

Fungi absorb nutrients from host organism but they also give back with functions that benefits their partner/host in some way

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13
Q

Explain the bodies of fungi (2)

A

Vegetative bodies constructed of tiny filaments = hyphae

When hyphae are interwoven mat = mycelium

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14
Q

What does the fungi filament hyphae have? What is it mainly built from?

A

Have cell walls

Built mainly from chitin

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15
Q

What are the cell walls in hyphae also be called?

A

Septa

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16
Q

Though hyphae have septa/cell walls they are not completely closed off from neighboring cells. Why?

A

They have pores so ribosomes/mitochondria/etc can flow between cells

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17
Q

What is fungi called when it lacks septa? Explain

A

Coenoytic = consists of continuous cytoplasmic mass with load of nuclei

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18
Q

What does parasitic fungi have some of their hyphae modified into?

A

Haustoria = nutrient absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate the tissue of their host

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19
Q

If fungi use sexual and asexual reproduction to produce spores that then are released, what is relied on to move the spores?

A

Water and wind

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20
Q

What happens to fungi spores when they land in a moist place?

A

Germinate to produce mycelia - if food is around the area

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21
Q

What are most spores and hyphae of fungi?

A

Haploid

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22
Q

Does fungi have a diploid stage?

A

Yes - During the sexual life cycles

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23
Q

What happens genetically to some mycelia in fungi? Called?

A

Fusion of 2 hyphae with still 2 genetically different nuclei = heterokaryotic mycelium

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24
Q

In the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of haploid nuclei of 2 different “parents”

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25
Q

In the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is plasmogamy?

A

When the cytoplasm of the 2 “parents” fuse = becomes heterokaryotic mycelium

26
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of fungi (4)

A

Mycelium develop store-producing structures
Spores are released
Spores germinate
Become new mycelium

27
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction of fungi (5)

A

Within Mycelium hyphae will go through plasmogamy (cytoplasm fuse) = heterokaryotic stage
Karyogamy will happen (fusion of nuclei) = zygote
Meiosis = spore producing structures
Spores released
Germination of spores = mycelium

28
Q

How many phylums are in fungi?

A

4

29
Q

What are the 4 phylums of fungi?

A

1- Chytridiomycota
2- Zygomycota
3- Ascomycota
4- Basidiomycota

30
Q

When did fungi start appearing on land?

A

Around the same time plants did

31
Q

What did the first forms of fungi look like?

A

Aquatic flagellated organisms

32
Q

Where are the phylum Chytridiomycota found?

A

Mainly aquatic

33
Q

What 2 roles does the phylum Chytridiomycota live in environments?

A

Saprobes = Decomposers

Parasitic - to protists, plants and animals

34
Q

Where is the phylum Zygomycota found?

A

Terrestrial living in soil or on decaying plant/animal

35
Q

What is one Zygomycota group? What do they do?

A

Mycorrhizae - have mutualistic relationship with plant roots

36
Q

What can be said about the hyphae in the phylum Zygomycota?

A

Lack septa so it is coenocytic fungi

37
Q

Does the phylum Zygomycota have any septa if they are coenocytic?

A

Found only in reproductive structure

38
Q

What is another example of the phylum Zygomycota? Common name?

A

Rhizopus stolonifer - black bread mold

39
Q

How does the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota form?

A

Horizontal hyphae spread out over food, penetrates it and digest its nutrients

40
Q

What structure develops in the asexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota?

A

100’s of haploid spores develop in sporangia at tips of hyphae

41
Q

What makes the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota reproduce sexually?

A

When environmental conditions worsen

42
Q

What 2 structures develop in the sexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota?

A

Plasmogamy (cytoplasm fusion of 2 mating types) produce a zygosporangium
Inside heterokaryotic fuse to form diploid nuclei and undergo meiosis

43
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota from start to end (4)

A

Mycelium will produce/grow sporangia
Spores are produced in sporangia
Spores get released
Spores germinate into mycelium

44
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota from start to end (8)

A

2 mycelia match up
Between them produce gametangia w/ haploid nuclei
They undergo plasmogamy to produce zygosporangium = heterokaryotic structure
When the nuclei fuse = karyogamy
Forms a diploid nuclei which undergoes meiosis
Sporangia grows producing spores
Spores are released and germinate
Mycelia grows

45
Q

What is the phylum Ascomycota known as? Why?

A

Sac fungi - produces spores in saclike asci

46
Q

What kind of spores are produced in the asci of the Ascomycota?

A

Sexual

47
Q

Where are the asci collected in the phylum Ascomycota? Called?

A

Collected in macroscopic bodies called ascocarp

48
Q

What are 2 examples of of an ascocarp of the phylum Ascomycota?

A

The edible parts of truffles and morels

49
Q

What structure develops in the asexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota?

A

Produces a large number of asexual spores which disperse in wind

50
Q

Explain the spores that are produced asexually by the phylum Ascomycota. What are they called?

A

Naked spores - called conidia

51
Q

Where does the conidia (naked spores) that are produced asexually by the phylum Ascomycota develop? Called?

A

Develop in long chains or clusters at tips of specialized hyphae - called conidiophores

52
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota from start to end (4)

A

Mycelium develop specialized hyphae called conidiophores
Conidiophores produce conidia (naked spores)
Conidia are released
They germinates and grow into mycelium

53
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota from start to end (9)

A

2 mycelia match up
One has ascogonium other antheridium
They undergo plasmogamy to produce an ascocarp
Has heterokaryotic asci
When the nuclei fuse in ascus = karyogamy
Forms a diploid nuclei which undergoes meiosis
The asci produces ascospores
Spores are released and germinate
Mycelia grows

54
Q

What is the phylum Basidiomycota known as? Why?

A

Club fungi - shaped like a club

55
Q

What are 4 examples of the phylum Basidiomycota?

A

Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts

56
Q

What is the name of the phylum Basidiomycota derived from?

A

Basidium = long diploid stage

57
Q

What role does the phylum Basidiomycota?

A

Saprobic = Decomposers

58
Q

What are the 2 groups of the phylum Basidiomycota?

A

Rusts and smuts

59
Q

Explain the sexual life cycle of the phylum Basidiomycota (8)

A 
Haploid mycelia match up 
Undergo plasmogamy 
Produces heterokaryotic mycelium 
Forms Basidiocarp 
Undergoes karyogamy 
Produces diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis 
Basidium produces Basidiospores 
These disperse and germinate into mycelium
60
Q

What are the 4 keys features for the 4 phylums?

A

Chytridiomycota - motile spores with flagella
Zygomycota - zygosporangium in sexual reproduction
Ascomycota - spores in asci sacs
Basidiomycota - spores in Basidium

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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