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Biology 1204 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the idea of biodiversity classification? What did they invent?

A

Carl Von Linnaeus - invented binomial nomenclature = classical taxonomy system

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2
Q

What did Linnaeus believe about organisms? Suggested?

A

Believed in immutability of species = suggested world’s biodiversity originated east Turkey where Noah’s ark landed

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3
Q

Why use binomial nomenclature and not common names? 5 reasons

A

1- consistency
2- clear communication between languages
3- some species have no common name
4- clear distinction between species and subspecies
5- evolutionary (phylogenetic) interpretation

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science and system of classifying organism

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5
Q

What is taxon (or plural Taxa)?

A

A single level in the taxonomic classification system

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6
Q

What is systematics?

A

Science and system of organization and classifying Taxa and understanding the evolution of traits based on their phylogenetic relations

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7
Q

What are the 2 methods of systematics?

A

1- phenetic

2- phylogenetic

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8
Q

Explain phenetic as a method of systematics

A

Species are grouped according to their overall similarities

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9
Q

Explain phylogenetic as a method of systematics

A

Species are classified according to how they shared a common ancestor

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10
Q

Identify the 2 methods and 3 schools of systematics and which ones are linked

A

(Method) phenetic –> (school) numerical taxonomy
(Method) phylogenetic –>
(school) cladistics = phylogenetic systematics
(school) evolutionary taxonomy = evolutionary systematics

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11
Q

What does scientific nomenclature and taxonomy reflect?

A

Phylogenetic relationships = all members of a tax on should share a single common ancestor

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12
Q

How can we figure out phylogenetic relationships if we can’t go back in time?

A

We use evolutionary principles to compare traits among Taxa

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13
Q

What is phylogenetic systematics?

A

Philosophy and methodology for the reconstruction of ancestor - descendant relationships amongst a set of Taxa

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14
Q

What are the 4 basic tenets of phylogenetic systematics?

A

1- characters
2- history of changes
3- distribution of characters
4- monophyletic groups

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15
Q

What is the first basic tenets of phylogenetic systematics?

A

Characters used to reconstruct a phylogeny are modifications of pre-existing characters

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16
Q

What is the second basic tenets of phylogenetic systematics?

A

History of changes in characters reflect the ancetsor-descendant relationships of organisms so bearing the characters

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17
Q

What is the third basic tenets of phylogenetic systematics?

A

Distribution of characters among a set of Taxa is used to identify monophyletic groups

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18
Q

What is the fourth basic tenets of phylogenetic systematics?

A

Monophyletic groups are identified by shared derived traits. All other Taxa outside the monophyletic group possess the ancestral trait

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19
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Relationships are determined by the presence of synapomorphies = shared/derived characters

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20
Q

What are the 2 ways characters can occur?

A

1- plesiomorphic = primitive or original state

2- apomorphic = derived state

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21
Q

What is the monophyletic group?

A

Defined by synapomorphies (contains hypothetical common ancestor and all of its descendants)

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22
Q

What is paraphyletic group?

A

Group containing a hypothetical common ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants

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23
Q

What is the polyphyletic group?

A

Taxa not including their hypothetical common ancestor

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24
Q

How does phylogenetic classification relate to cladistics?

A

It groups species based on their most recent common ancestor

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25
Q

How does phylogenetic classification relate to cladistics work? And what is it called?

A

species split during evolution = forms 2 descendant species = cladistic classification groups them together
Called sister species

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26
Q

Who and when came up with the idea of phylogenetic classification relating to cladistics?

A

Ridley in 1996

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27
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree a hypothesis of?

A

Evolutionary relationships between species

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28
Q

What is the problem of a phylogenetic tree as a hypothesis and why is this?

A

Can’t know true pattern of ancestor-descendent relationships as we can’t travel back in time = only generate most probably with data given

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29
Q

The characters used to reconstruct a phylogeny come from? (3)

A

1- fossil record
2- morphological traits of living of museum species
3- genetic sequences

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30
Q

What is used to distinguish monophyletic groups/traits?

A

Shared derived traits

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31
Q

What is another name for monophyletic groups?

A

Clades

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32
Q

What is homology?

A

Similarity in character due to a common ancestry evolving from the same ancestral state

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33
Q

What is the important note about homology?

A

Homologous characters can appear very different

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34
Q

What is analogy?

A

similarity in a character due to evolutionary convergence = not shared ancestor

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35
Q

What is important to note about analogy and convergence?

A

Evolutionary convergence that affects analogy where the convergence is phenotypic is usually the result of NS

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36
Q

In the example of bat wings and bird wings explain homology?

A

Forelimbs = homology as both are inherited from a common ancestor with forelimbs

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37
Q

In the example of bat wings and bird wings explain analogy?

A

Wings = analogy as both wings evolved from different ancestors that didn’t have wings

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38
Q

When is homology and analogy not easy to tell apart? And why?

A

When phenotype is similar

Due to shared ancestry (homo) or convergence (Ana)

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39
Q

What is the first solution in telling apart homology and analogy?

A

Use traits that are very likely to be selectively neutral = no advantage or disadvantage

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40
Q

What is the second solution in telling apart homology and analogy?

A

Use many many selectively neutral traits as unlikely all influenced by selection the same way = DNA

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41
Q

Who created the Caminalcules?

A

Joseph H. Camin

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42
Q

What are Caminalcules?

A

Imaginary animals used for exercises for the principles and problems associated with classification and cladistic relationships (sequence of character change)

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43
Q

What are the 4 things to describe Caminalcules?

A

1- “evolutionary” derived
2- a degree of “genetic” similarity
3- monophyletic group
4- no preconceptions as to taxonomic significance

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44
Q

How is an organism’s evolutionary history documented?

A

In its genome

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45
Q

How does molecular systematics help to document an organism’s evolutionary history through it’s genome?

A

Uses DNA to get relatedness

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46
Q

How many bases of DNA has scientists discovered and in what?

A

110 Billion sequences of DNA in 1000’s of species

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47
Q

How does 2 species help to document an organism’s evolutionary history through it’s genome? (2)

A

More recently branched from common ancestor the more similar the 2 species are in DNA sequences
Longer the 2 species have separated the more diverged their DNA are

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48
Q

What can neutral variation do?

A

Neutral variation among DNA sequences can be used to get a molecular clock

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49
Q

What do phylogenies allow us to evaluate?

A

Evaluate the hypothesis about the origins of biodiversity

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50
Q

What does eukaryote mean?

A

Tue nucleus

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51
Q

When did eukaryotes first appear?

A

Fossil record shows 1.5-2.1 BYA

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52
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Membrane bound nucleus and organelles

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53
Q

How did cells change from prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

A 
Prokaryotes = simple strand of DNA inside cell
Eukaryotes = mitochondria, nucleus with DNA bond inside
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54
Q

What was the 2 major changes needed for prokaryotes to evolve into eukaryotes?

A

1- internal membrane and organelles known as endomembrane system
2- multicellularity = 1st eukaryotes were unicellular and many still are

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55
Q

What are the 5 internal membranes and organelles in the endomembrane system as one of the major changes needed for prok->euk?

A 
1- smooth and rough ER
2- Golgi apparatus
3- vesicles
4- nuclear envelope 
5- plasma membrane = interact with endomembrane organelles
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56
Q

What hypothesis is connected to the internal membranes and organelles as a major change from pro->euk?

A

Infolding hypothesis = endomembrane system resulted from infolding and pinching off of the plasm membrane

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57
Q

Explain how the plasm membrane pitches off and what does it form in the infolding hypothesis

A

Cell membrane dips inwards
Cell membrane closes around the inwards dip
The now closed dip is pinched off to floats off into cell = called a vesicle

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58
Q

What hypothesis is connected to the multicellularity as a major change from pro->euk?

A

Colony hypothesis = suggest multicellularity began when single-called organisms started to form colonies

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59
Q

Explain the 5 steps as to how colony hypothesis worked

A 
1- unicellular flagellated protist 
2- multiple flagellates make aggregate 
3- unspecialized flagellate cells form hollow sphere
4- specialized reproductive cells form
5- cells begin to fold in to make tissue
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60
Q

What are the 4 steps that determined colonial green algae range of independence?

A

1- single-called and independent
2- individuals in colonies break apart and live independent
3- some individuals no longer independent
4- most not independent

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61
Q

In the 4 steps that determined colonial green algae range of independence and are the types of algae associate with each step?

A

1- single-called = Chlamydomonas
2- break apart = Gonium, Pandoria, Eudorina
3- no longer = Pleodorina
4- not indep = Volvox

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62
Q

What can a colony provide?

A

Protection

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63
Q

What 2 organelles are thought to have different origins than those of the infolding hypothesis?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

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64
Q

Where is it believe that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from? What is this hypothesis called?

A

Descendants of free-living prokaryotes = endosymbiotic hypothesis

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65
Q

How does endosymbiotic hypothesis work?

A

Larger cells engulf smaller cells

Smaller cells live symbiotically within larger rather than being digested

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66
Q

Who found evidence of the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

A

Dr Margulis

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67
Q

What are the 4 basic idea that Dr Margulis discover for the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

A

1- double membrane
2- morphology of chloroplast
3- morphology of mitochondria
4- dividing schedules

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68
Q

Explain double membrane as 1 of the 4 supports that Dr Margulis discovered about the endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

As the mitochondria and chloroplast were engulf by a cell they developed a double membrane

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69
Q

Explain morphology of chloroplast as 2 of the 4 supports that Dr Margulis discovered about the endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

The morphology of chloroplast is similar to Cyanobacteria

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70
Q

Explain morphology of mitochondria as 3 of the 4 supports that Dr Margulis discovered about the endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

Morphology of mitochondria is similar to aerobic bacteria (an alpha-proteobacterium)

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71
Q

Explain dividing schedules as 4 of the 4 supports that Dr Margulis discovered about the endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast divide on a different schedule than rest of cell - and divide through binary fission like prokaryotes

72
Q

What did the 1980’s bring around?

A

Technology to sequence DNA

73
Q

What did the technology of sequence DNA in the 1980’s allow? (2)

A
  • Showed mitochondria and chloroplast have own unique DNA which is similar to certain bacteria
  • Our nuclear DNA similar to Archea means engulfing cell was Archea
74
Q

How is mitochondria DNA inherited? What can I be used for?

A

Inherited from only mother = used to trace maternal lineages

75
Q

What is the oldest evidence on mtDNA?

A

Otzi = iceman frozen for 5300 yrs = samples resulted in oldest complete human mtDNA

76
Q

What is sterile inflammation?

A

Occurs when damaged cells release mitochondria and immune system mistakes mitochondria as invading bacteria

77
Q

There are 3 hypothesis as to explain the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, what is the first one? What does this show?

A

All eukaryotes have or had (remnants) of mitochondria but not all have chloroplast
Endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria happened very early on

78
Q

There are 3 hypothesis as to explain the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, what is the second one? Where is this shown?

A

Mitochondria can be reduced or lost = in the supergroup Excavata we can see this

79
Q

What is the name of the organism that shows lost mitochondria? What are the remnants called?

A

Diplomonads - remnants called mitosomes

80
Q

What is the name of the organism that shows reduced mitochondria? What are the semi-functioning mitochondria called?

A

Parabasalids - semi-functioning called hydrogensomes

81
Q

There are 3 hypothesis as to explain the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, what is the third one? What does this mean?

A

Plastid evolution

Plastid=chloroplast

82
Q

Explain plastid evolution

A

Members of Archeaplastida have plastids consistent with primary endosymbiosis of Cyanobacteria to become chloroplasts

83
Q

What does Archeaplastida mean?

A 
Archea = ancient 
Plastida = plastid
84
Q

What are the 4 organisms included in Archeaplastida?

A

1- red algae
2- chlorophyta gr. algae
3- charophyta gr. algae
4- land plants

85
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

When single-called ancestors of red and green algae that had plastids were engulfed by other cells

86
Q

What does secondary endosymbiosis result in?

A

Plastids with more than 2 membranes

87
Q

What engulfed the red aglae ancestor?

A

All chromalveolata

88
Q

What a re the 2 subgroups of chromalveolata that engulfed red algae ancestor?

A

1- Alveolates

2- Stramenopiles

89
Q

What are the 3 organism under the subgroup Alveolates as a chromalveolata? State whether lost or remnants of plastids

A

Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans - remnants of plastids
Ciliates - lost plastids

90
Q

What are the 4 organism under the subgroup Stramenopiles as a chromalveolata? State whether lost or remnants of plastids

A

Brown algae
Golden algae
Diatoms
Water molds - lost plastids

91
Q

How many ways were great algae engulfed?

A

2

92
Q

What was the first way in which green algae ancestors were engulfed?

A

Euglenozoans - no other Excavata has evidence of plastids

93
Q

What was the second way in which green algae ancestors were engulfed?

A

Chlorarachniophytes (type of cercozoan) - no other Khizaria has evidence of plastids but remnants of original symbiont cell

94
Q

What are protists?

A

Everything expect fungi, plants and animals

95
Q

What can protist be?

A 
Paraphyletic = descendant of same ancestor 
Polyphyletic = derived from many ancestors
96
Q

What defines a protists?

A

Partly by structural level (unicellular eukaryotes) and partly exclusion from definition if plants/animals/fungi

97
Q

What kind of group are the protists?

A

Ranges from single-called microscopic members, simple multicellular forms and complex giants (seaweed)

98
Q

How many groups of protists are there?

A

6

99
Q

What are the 6 groups of protists?

A 
1- Excavata
2- Chromalveolata 
3- Rhizaria
4- Archaeplastida
5- Amoebozoa 
6- Opisthokonts
100
Q

Group 1 Excavata of protists - What are the 3 features to know?

A

1- hallow (excavated) ventral feeding grove
2- all single-called
3- modified or lost mitochondria

101
Q

What is a type of Group 1 Excavata of protists?

A

Giardia - causes “beaver fever”

102
Q

What are the 3 different types of mitochondria in Group 1 Excavata of protists?

A

1- Diplomonad = remnants/non-functional called mitosomes
2- Parabasalids = semi-functional called hydrogensomes
3- Euglenozoans = single/oversized called kinetoplast

103
Q

What is special about the Euglenozoans as a type of mitochondria from Group 1 Excavata of protists? (2)

A
  • Are mixotrophic = use autotrophy and heterotrophy

- Acquire plastids from secondary endosymbiosis of gr. Algae ancestor

104
Q

Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists - what are its 2 subgroups?

A

1- Alveolates

2- Stramenopiles

105
Q

Explain Alveolates as Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists - 2 features

A

1- membrane-bound alveoli (vesicles) located in layer under plasma membrane
2- most single-called

106
Q

Explain how Alveolates of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists got their plastids

A

Acquired via secondary endosymbiosis of a red algae ancestor = Like all chromalveolata

107
Q

What are the 3 types of Alveolates and state if they still have plastids - Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists

A

1- Dinoflagellates = still has them
2- Apicomplexans = remnants of plastids
3- Ciliates = lost plastids

108
Q

What is notable about Dinoflagellates as a types of Alveolates of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists?

A

Zooxanthellae = symbiotic relationships with reef = building coral and can cause red tide

109
Q

What is notable about Apicomplexans as a types of Alveolates of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists?

A

Plasmodium causes malaria

110
Q

What is notable about Ciliates as a types of Alveolates of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists?

A

Ruminant Mammals house microscopic organism in their rumen = most common protozoan here

111
Q

Explain Stramenopiles as Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists - 1 feature

A

Have 2 flagella = one smooth and one hairy

112
Q

Explain how Stramenopiles of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists got their plastids

A

Acquired plastids via secondary endosymbiosis of red algae ancestor like all chromalveolata

113
Q

What are the 4 types of Stramenopiles and state if they still have plastids - Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists

A

1- Diatoms = still has them
2- Golden algae = still has them
3- Brown algae = still has them
4- Water molds = lost their plastids

114
Q

What is notable about the 4 types of Stramenopiles of Group 2 Chromalveolata of protists?

A

1- Diatoms = Silica shells give glassy appearance
2- Golden algae = cause taste and odor events
3- Brown algae = foundations of productive marine ecosystem
4- Water molds = Irish potato famine

115
Q

Group 3 Rhizaria of protists - 2 features

A

1- all unicellular

2- use pseudopod for movement

116
Q

What are the 3 types and state if they still have plastids - Group 3 Rhizaria of protists

A

1- Radiolarians = no chloroplasts
2- Forams = no chloroplast
3- Cercozoans = some have plastids from secondary endosymbiosis of gr algae (chloractinophytes = mixotrophic) = recent event as remnants of engulfed cell present

117
Q

Group 4 Archaeplastids of protists - 2 features

A

1- all photoautotrophs

2- share common ancestor and acquired plastids from first endosymbiosis of Cyanobacteria

118
Q

What are the 4 types from Group 4 Archaeplastids of protists that acquire their protists from by first endosymbiosis?

A

1- red algae
2- chlorophyte green algae
3- charophyte green algae
4- plants

119
Q

Group 5 Ameobozoa of protists - 2 features

A

1- unicellular

2- use pseudopod for movement

120
Q

What are 3 examples of Group 5 Ameobozoa of protists?

A

Slime mold
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas

121
Q

Group 6 Opisthokonts of protists - 1 feature

A

posterior flagellum at some point in life cycle

122
Q

What are 4 examples of Group 6 Opisthokonts of protists?

A

Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals

123
Q

What was the first way slime molds went to multicellularity?

A

Cell multiplication = mitosis

125
Q

What was the second way in which slime molds went to multicellularity?

A

Cell aggregation = cellular slime molds

127
Q

What is a type of cell aggregation for slime molds? What are they?

A

Mycetozoa (slime molds or fungus animals) - neither fungi nor animals but are protists

129
Q

If slime molds have any resemblance to fungi what is it? And in which way?

A

Analogous and not homologous = convergent role in decomposition of leaf litter and organic debris

131
Q

How do slime molds move and feed? What is this similar to?

A

Via Pseudopodia (like an amoeba)

133
Q

Though slime molds feed and move like an amoeba, what are they actually closer to and why?

A

Relatively close to fungi and animals due to comparisons of proteins sequences

135
Q

Cellular slime molds like Dictyostelida straddle the line between what?

A

Individuality and multicellularity

137
Q

What is the feeding stage of Dictyostelida?

A

Individual or solitary cells

137
Q

What happens to Dictyostelida when there is a lack of food? What is this called? What happens to the cells?

A

Cells form aggregate (“slug”) that functions as one unit
Called pseudoplasmodium
Cells retain identity

137
Q

What do aggregates of Dictyostelida form?

A

Aggregates of amoebas form fruiting bodies that produce spores in sexual reproduction

137
Q

What is the 6 stages to the asexual reproduction of a Dictyostelida?

A 
1- solitary cell = feeding stage 
2- aggregated amoebas 
3- migrating colony
4- fruiting bodies
5- spores 
6- emerging amoeba
137
Q

What is the 3 stages to the asexual reproduction of a Dictyostelida?

A

1- amoebas through the process of meiosis
2- aggregated amoebas
3- zygote through the process of syngamy

137
Q

What is cyclic AMP?

A

cAMP is adenosine monophosphate with phosphate bonded internally to form cyclic molecule

137
Q

What is cAMP generated from?

A

From ATP by the enzyme adencylcyclase

137
Q

What does cAMP function as in slime molds?

A

Acrasin

138
Q

What are the 4 classifications of Animalia or Metazoa?

A

1- cell number
2- body symmetry
3- developmental pattern
4- evolutionary relationships

139
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of the classification of cell number for Metazoa?

A

1- unicellular

2- multicellular

140
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of the classification of body symmetry for Metazoa?

A

1- asymmetrical
2- radial symmetry
3- bilateral symmetry

141
Q

What is the first subgroup of the classification of developmental pattern for Metazoa and all its relative groups (5)?

A

Germ layers:
1- Diploblastic
2- triploblastic
- acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, eucoelomate

142
Q

What is the second subgroup of the classification of developmental pattern for Metazoa and all its relative groups (2)?

A

Cleavage patten:
1- radial
2- spiral

143
Q

On the animal phylogenetic tree that is based on morphological, fossil, and genetic evidence, what are the 9 groups to known and their respected animals?

A 
Porifera = sponge 
Cnidaria = cnidarians
Echinodermata = echinoderms
Chordata = chordates
Mollusca = mollusks
Annelida = annelids
Platyhelminthes = flatworms
Nematoda = roundworms 
Arthropoda = arthropods
144
Q

Evolutionary relationships as a classification for metazoa is based on what?

A

18 small ribosomal RNA

145
Q

What are the 6 major features of animal development?

A 
1- symmetry 
2- number of germ layers
3- types of body cavity 
4- protostome vs deuterostome 
5- segmentation (metamerism) 
6- 2-way vs 1-way digestive track
146
Q

Explain symmetry as a major feature of animal development and how many types

A

The number of ways you can divide an animal

Asymmetrical, radial, bilateral

147
Q

Explain asymmetrical as a type symmetry as a major feature of animal development. Name the animal/phylum associated with it

A

Can’t not divide the animal in 2 mirror images

Sponges (Porifera)

148
Q

Explain bilateral as a type of symmetry as a major feature of animal development. What is it associated with with?

A

One 1 mirror image and one way

Due to cephalization = concentration of neurons and sensors at one end = head

149
Q

Explain radial as a type of symmetry as a major feature of animal development. What animal/phylum?

A

More than 1 mirror imagine

Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

150
Q

What is Pentaradial symmetry? What animal/phylum does this happen to?

A

5 ways to divide

Echinoderms (Echinodermata)

151
Q

Explain number of germ layers as a major feature of animal development and how many types

A

2 = diploblastic and triploblastic
During embryogenesis:
Diploblastic develop 2 layers = ectoderm and endoderm
Triploblastic develop 3 layers = ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm between the 2

152
Q

How many germ layers do sponges (Porifera) have?

A

No - they lack tissues

153
Q

Explain body cavity as a major feature of animal development (called/how many types)

A

Called Coelom = body cavity that is not a gut - separates guts from body muscles and internal organs suspended within coelom
3 types: acoelomate, eucoelomate, and pseudocoelomate

154
Q

Explain eucoelomate as a type of body cavity as a major feature of animal development

A

“True” coelom = is fluid-filled cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm-derived tissue

155
Q

Explain acoelomate as a type of body cavity as a major feature of animal development, layers and what animal/phylum

A

Lacks body cavity
Layers = ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, and digestive cavity (one inside the other)
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

156
Q

Explain eucoelomate as a type of body cavity as a major feature of animal development, layers and what animal/phylum

A

True cavity
Layers = ectoderm, mesoderm, coelom forms within mesoderm as 2 “semicircles”, endoderm
Annelids (Annelida), mollusks (Mollusca), arthropods (Arthpoda), echinoderms (Echinodermata), chordates (Chordata)

157
Q

Explain pseudoelomate as a type of body cavity as a major feature of animal development, layers and what animal/phylum

A

Has body cavity but sandwiched between mesoderm and endoderm = it’s a mistake
Layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, pseudoelom, endoderm
Roundworms (Nematoda)

158
Q

Explain the 4 difference of protostome vs deuterostome as a major feature of animal development

A

1- cleavage patterns
2- determinate vs indeterminate development
3- coelom formation
4- origin of mouth and anus

159
Q

Explain cleavage pattern as a difference in protostome vs deuterostome as a major feature of animal development

A

Protostomes has spiral cleavage pattern = 8 cell stage of development, upper 4 cells sit offset on top of lower 4
Deuterostomes has radial cleavage pattern = 8 cell stage of development, upper 4 cells sit directly above lower 4

160
Q

Explain determinate vs indeterminate as a difference in protostome vs deuterostome as a major feature of animal development

A

Cell fate in protostomes is determined early = determinate cleavage
Cell fate in deuterostomes is flexible = indeterminate cleavage

161
Q

Explain coelom formation as a difference in protostome vs deuterostome as a major feature of animal development

A 
Protostomes = schizocoely = part of mesoderm separates to form coelom 
Deuterostomes = enterocoely = mesoderm pinches off to form the coelom
162
Q

Explain origin of mouth and anus as a difference in protostome vs deuterostome as a major feature of animal development

A 
Protostomes = blastopore becomes mouth and anus develops later 
Deuterostomes = blastopore becomes anus and mouth develops later
163
Q

Explain segmentation as a major feature of animal development and type

A

How the animal body is split up due to organ and body specialization
Metamerism = many repeating segments

164
Q

What 3 animals/phylums show segmentation as a major feature of animal development? Explain

A

Earthworms/annelids (Annelida) - metamerism in body
Arthropods (Arthropoda) - metamerism in trunk
Chordates (Chordata) - metamerism in vertebral column and Amphioxus (lancet)

165
Q

Explain 2-way vs 1-way digestive tract as a major feature of animal development

A 
2-way = food in and wages out though same opening = mouth but no anus = "incomplete" digestive tract 
1-way = food travels in one direction = has both mouth and anus = "complete" digestive tract
166
Q

Explain the 2 points of coloniality vs multicellularity in metazoa

A
  • cell specialization = transport of nutrients and communication between cells
  • advanced characters at the morphological and biochemical levels
167
Q

Explain Choanoflagellates findings?

A

No fossils record - some marine species secrete delicate loricae (outer coverings made of interwoven silica bars)

168
Q

Explain Choanoflagellates colony?

A

Few are colonial for part of life cycle = show limited cell differentiation and integration into a unit

169
Q

What does the Choanoflagellates colonies show us?

A

Best living examples of what ancestors of all metazoans may have look like

170
Q

Explain Choanoflagellates anatomy (3)

A

Proterospongia = has a number cells embedded in jelly-like matrix = privatize level of cell differentiation
Flagellated cells with collar structures = move colony through water
Amoeboid cell = on inside divide into new cells = growth

171
Q

What are the 3 metazoa cell junctions?

A

1- Occluding
2- Desmosomes
3- Gap junctions

172
Q

Explain Occluding as a cell junction of metazoa

A

Seals off intercellular spaces from environment

173
Q

What are the 2 types of Occluding cell junctions for metazoa?

A

1- septate junctions = in all invertebrates

2- tight junctions = in vertebrates, tunicates and some arthropods

174
Q

Explain Desmosomes as a type of cell junction fro metazoa

A

Adhesion

175
Q

Explain gap junctions as a type of cell junction fro metazoa

A

Chemical and electrical communications = only in Hydrozoa and bilateria

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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