Plants

Question 1

the leading cause of toxicity in children <5

Answer 1

plants

Question 2

Alkaloids

Answer 2

nitrogen in a ring is usually an alkaloid, (nicotine mimics acetylcholine)

Nicotine—Tobacco (mimics acetylcholine)
Coniine—Hemlock
Solanine-Potatoes (cleaved by gut bacteria to form toxin)
Atropine, scopolamine - Belladona (Deadly nightshade) (blocks muscarinic (Ach) receptors of parasympathetic NS)

Question 3

Glycosides

Answer 3

amygdaline - stone fruit seeds (cyanogenic)
digoxin - digitalis inhibits NaKATPase (heart pumps harder.)

Question 4

Oxalates—

Answer 4

—Rhubarb (Ca precipitation)

Question 5

Irritant oils

Answer 5

Urochiol aka uroshiol - poison ivy (contact dermatitis)
Ricin - castor bean oil (hemolysis of erythrocytes, severe GI tract edema, antigenic/immune response.)

Question 6

Phytoestrogens (Plant Estrogen mimics)

Answer 6

genistein - soy
flavonoids - grapefruit

Question 7

Biocides

Answer 7

Curare—South America (hunting)—Neuromuscular blocker (Ach-R)

Picrotoxin—India (fishing)—decrease opening of Cl-channel (opposite
of barbs and benzodiazipines)

Pyrethroids—Chrysanthemums (first century AD-Chinese)—inhibit Ca
efflux from terminal axon. Increased neurotransmitter release and
constant depolarization.

Question 8

Fungal Toxins

Answer 8

Phalloidin - Mushrooms, bind actin cellular fibers in muscle (GI-tract)
Amanitin - Mushrooms, absorbed bind RNA-
polymerase (death in one week unless liver transplant).
Fumonisins - moldy corn, associated esophageal cancer
Aflatoxins—mold on corn and peanuts, most potent human liver carcinogen