Hart

Question 1

SA and AV nodes

Answer 1

• sinoatrial (first) and atrioventricular

Question 2

Cardiac myocyte

Answer 2

• muscle cells in the heart. (lots of mitochondria)

Question 3

The heart is under control of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 3

(both Cholinergic –parasympathetic; and Adregeric-Sympathetic)

Question 4

Adregeric-

Answer 4

relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter.

Question 5

Cholinergic

Answer 5

relating to or denoting nerve cells in which Acetylcholine, or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter.

Question 6

mitochondrial toxins-

Answer 6

mitochondrial toxins are generally cardio toxic. This is because cardiac muscle has a lot of mitochondria to make alot of ATP so that the hart can beat regularly using receptor driven ion channels (ATP driven channels) to rapidly and regularly cause muscle contractions

Question 7

Ventricular Fibrillation -

Answer 7

a type of irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia).( Jelly like ventricle)

Question 8

Cardiac Myopathies -

Answer 8

• damage to heart muscle on a cellular level

Question 9

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy - ,

Answer 9

Hart damage due to alcohol. There is no ADH in the hart to metabolise alchohal becuse the acetaldehyde is realy toxic to Mitochondria. So the alcohol there dosen’t get metabolised. Several mechanisms are implicated in mediating the adverse effects of ethanol on the hart, including the generation of oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death, impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics/stress, derangements in fatty acid metabolism and transport, and accelerated protein catabolism.

Question 10

Anthracycline Cardiomyopathy-

Answer 10

caused by Doxorubicin (antitumor agent drug) because it disrupts DNA but also causes Lipid peroxidation via inducing Oxidative stress.

Question 11

Mitochondrial ischemia/Reperfusion

Answer 11

Mitochondrial ischemia/Reperfusion leads to … - reactive oxygen species, leads to lipid peroxidation, leads to, membrane brake down and mitochondrial dysfunction and altered calcium homeostasis, which lead to Arithmias, mitochondrial stunning, and Necrosis.

Question 12

Necrosis -

Answer 12

is the death of body tissue

Question 13

Ischemic Reperfusion Injury -

Answer 13

Ischemic Reperfusion Injury - when the restoration of circulation after loss of it results in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative stress rather than (or along with) restoration of normal function.

Question 14

Sarcolemmal Injury, -

Answer 14

Sarcolemmal -refers to the sheath around the mucel, in referance to cocain mimicing Catecholamines and damaginc cardiac musel. Dont fully understand this?

Question 15

cytochrome c oxidase -

Answer 15

complex IV in mitochondria

Question 16

Rotenone -

Answer 16

interrupts electron transport

Question 17

Digitalis

Answer 17

• oleander flowers have a lot of digitalis, most prescribed drugs for congestive heart failure, enhances contraction by blocking calcium ATP-ase, keeping calcium in the myocyte and keeping the blood vesals from contraction there by increasing blood flow.