Drugs

Question 1

Zero-order elimination -

Answer 1

a constant rate of elimination

Question 2

First order elimination -

Answer 2

elimination rate changes based on plasma concentration of reactant

Question 3

Catecholamines -

Answer 3

type of neurohormone (a chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Important in stress responses; include, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Question 4

Ethanol
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Withdrawal

Answer 4

Ethanol
Acute Toxicity
CNS depression
Fatty Liver
GI-Irritation

Chronic Toxicity
Pancreatitis
Gastritis
Muscle Dengeration (Skeletal/Cardiac)
Brain (CNS-degeneration)
Liver -Cirrhosis (liver scaring/ ffibrosis), Fatty liver

Withdrawal
Tolerance with physical dependence
1.Anxiety
2.Tremors
3.Delirium Tremens (Grand Mal Seizures)
Antabuse medication for treatment to reverse tolerance

Question 5

Amphetamines
Mechanism of Action
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity

Answer 5

Amphetamines example: “Ecstasy”
Mechanism of Action
Enhances concentrations of norepinephrine (Sympathomimetic)

Acute Toxicity
Restlessness
Tremor
Stereotypic (repetitive) behavior
increase Blood pressure
headaches
increase pupil size

Treat OD with valium

Chronic Toxicity
psychoses, paranoia

Question 6

Cocaine
Mechanism of Action
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity

Answer 6

Cocaine
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits the re-uptake of catecholamines (EPI, Nor Epi, dopamine) so they sty in synapse reacting

Acute Toxicity
CNS—euphoria, paranoia, Seizure
Cardiovascular (heart)
Respiratory

OD treatement– adrenergic blockers (propanolol) to block epinephrine affects and lower blood pressure

Chronic Toxicity
Insomnia
Paranoia
(no physical) Psychological Dependence only

Question 7

Depressants (Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines)
Mechanism of Action
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Withdrawal

Answer 7

Depressants (Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines)
Common suicide drugs, used for epilepsy, induce their metabolism with CYP2B, sleep aids
(only low dose will still alow for REM sleep)

Mechanism of Action
Activation of GABA chloride channel (reverses neuron signals after they happen)

Acute Toxicity
CNS depression; death →respiratory depression
OD cure: Ion trapping for barbs (alkalinize urine with sodium bicarb)

Chronic Toxicity
Tolerance may eventually result in lethality

Withdrawal
Remove therapy slowly and treat suportively (CNS explosion)
Also can cause grand Mal seasures usually use benzodiazapine to counter balence
a. 12 h after last dose →anxiety
b. 30 h → tremors, vomiting
c. 72 h → convulsions, death

Question 8

Opiates
Mechanism of Action
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Withdrawal

Answer 8

Opiates Fentanol is a type, Heroin is a structural analog of Morphine.
Create a feeling of euphoria and no pain (Analgesia).

Mechanism of Action
Indirectly excites pain inhibitory neuron

Acute Toxicity
Behavioral restlessness
Sedation,
Respiratory depression,
cough suppression,
miosis (pinpoint pupils)
nausea and vomiting
GI effects (decreases motility, constipation, and urinary retention)

Chronic Toxicity
Behavior modification -restless ness, associated with pain
Paranoia
hepatitis - because of shared needels
AIDS – because of shared needels

Withdrawal
significant tolerance development (receptor-based)—physical dependence
6-8 hrs - flu-like symptoms;
12-24 hrs tremors (involuntary kicking)(where the term kicking the habit comes from)
gooseflesh (cold turkey).

Naloxone used for OD (blocker) aka Narran. Competitive opioid receptor antagonist
Treatment with methadone (prevents withdrawal without euphoria) opioid antagonist
methadone binds receptors that lead to addictive behavior, helps to wean off opioids slowly, and prevents withdrawal

Question 9

Hallucingens
Mechanism of Action
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Three kinds

Answer 9

Hallucingens
Mechanism of Action
disrupt serotonin pathways

Acute Toxicity
Heightened awareness
behavioral changes (posibley violence or self harm)

Chronic Toxicity
memory loss;
flashbacks)

PCP
antagonist at NMDA (glutamate receptor) and agonist at opioid receptors;
violent behavioral changes (flashbacks); numbness
used to model schizophrenia
Posible extreme strength and violence

THC
specific receptors cannabinoid receptors reverse out Ca and Na transport into neurons. Works this way as a pain relife by reversing neuron signals
Used in cancer patients as anti-vomiting agent.

“Bath Salts”—cathinone/Mephedrone (MDPV)
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor so perpetuates dopamine reaction.
Posible extreme strength and violence