Blood Flashcards
Hematopoiesis is…
the formation of Blood cells in bone marrow
Thrombocytes are…
Platelets
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Types of Leukocytes 2 categories
Phagocytes and Immunocytes
Phagocytes
Macrophages ( Both acquired and innate immunity) and Granulocytes (innate immunity)
Granulocytes types
Neutrophils _mostly these, in normal state
Basophil, - upregulated during infection
Eosinophil - upregulated during infection
types of Lymphocytes (imunocytes) (acquired immunity)
T-Cells - Made in the thymus
B-cells - made in Bone marrow
PBTK
Physiologically based toxicokinetic - or pharmacokinetics(PBPK) - comparing response curves between species
TCDD
a chemical byproduct of making polychlorinated phenols could cause cancer and does cause thymic atrophy which is the destruction of the thymus, which leads to the depletion of T-cells because the thymus produces them.
Benzine
(conjugated 6-carbon ring) chronic exposure causes Leukemia
Leukemia
- cancers of the blood cells.
Anemia
- lack of blood, an-emia
Hemolytic Anemia
- Erythrocytes are destroyed faster than being made. Hemoglobinemia is the symptom
Hemoglobinemia
red blood cells were lysed, there is free-floating hemoglobin in the blood.
Oxidative Hemolysis
accelerated destruction of erythrocytes exposed to “oxidant stress.”
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
makes NADPH from NADP+ and H2O, NADPH protons are needed to deal with ROS, preventing Erythrocyte damage.
Hydrazines, and Primaquin-
are used for treating malaria, but are oxidant chemicals so can be harmful in people without Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Polycythemia vera
overproduction of Erythrocytes
Met H B reductase/ methb reductase -
enzyme responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.
Tachycardia
- rapid heart beat
Bradycardia
slow heart beat
Methemoglobinemia
when some compound oxidises of Fe to 3+ in heme so it can’t bind oxigen, dark colored blood.
Cyanide Treatment -
Cyanide interferes with ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Cyanide will also bind methemoglobin. So to treat Cyanide Poisoning methemoglobin is actually induced with sodium nitrite. Then to slowly undue that methylene blue is added to reduce the heme group from methemoglobin to hemoglobin.
Arterial hypoxia
O2 pressure-Low
Blood flow-Normal
Oxygen capacity -Normal
Lung Damage, pulmonary irritants — airway blockage/pulmonary edema
Anemic hypoxia
O2 pressure-Normal
Blood flow-Normal
Oxygen capacity - Low
(Most common) decreased functional hemoglobin (Hb); decreased Erythrocytes; non-functional Hb, Carbon Monooxide, or Methemoglobinemia
Stagnant hypoxia
O2 pressure - Normal
Blood flow - Low
Oxygen capacity - Normal
decreased rate of blood flow, physical blockage of blood flow
Histotoxic hypoxia
O2 pressure - Normal
Blood flow - Normal
Oxygen capacity - Low
Reduction in ATP production by the mitochondria due to a defect in the cellular usage of oxygen. Cyanide or hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
Hypersensitivity what it is and what causes it -
exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Metals; Drugs (Penicillin); Pesticides; Cosmetics/hygiene (contact dermatitis)
Autoimmunity what it is and what causes it -
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells. “autoimmune disease”. (like Systemic lupus erythematosis, wich can be ilicited by, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, or procainamide or other things) also caused by Halothane (anesthetics) mercury; silica.
Immunosuppression what it is and what causes it -
the partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. Halogenated hydrocarbons (thymic atrophy); metals; pesticides; Drugs of Abuse) TCDD, AHR, ACB- hexoclobenzine (pestacide)
