Blood

Question 1

Hematopoiesis is…

Answer 1

the formation of Blood cells in bone marrow

Question 2

Thrombocytes are…

Answer 2

Platelets

Question 3

Erythrocytes

Answer 3

red blood cells

Question 4

Leukocytes

Answer 4

white blood cells

Question 5

Types of Leukocytes 2 categories

Answer 5

Phagocytes and Immunocytes

Question 6

Phagocytes

Answer 6

Macrophages ( Both acquired and innate immunity) and Granulocytes (innate immunity)

Question 7

Granulocytes types

Answer 7

Neutrophils _mostly these, in normal state
Basophil, - upregulated during infection
Eosinophil - upregulated during infection

Question 8

types of Lymphocytes (imunocytes) (acquired immunity)

Answer 8

T-Cells - Made in the thymus
B-cells - made in Bone marrow

Question 9

PBTK

Answer 9

Physiologically based toxicokinetic - or pharmacokinetics(PBPK) - comparing response curves between species

Question 10

TCDD

Answer 10

a chemical byproduct of making polychlorinated phenols could cause cancer and does cause thymic atrophy which is the destruction of the thymus, which leads to the depletion of T-cells because the thymus produces them.

Question 11

Benzine

Answer 11

(conjugated 6-carbon ring) chronic exposure causes Leukemia

Question 12

Leukemia

Answer 12

• cancers of the blood cells.

Question 13

Anemia

Answer 13

• lack of blood, an-emia

Question 14

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 14

• Erythrocytes are destroyed faster than being made. Hemoglobinemia is the symptom

Question 15

Hemoglobinemia

Answer 15

red blood cells were lysed, there is free-floating hemoglobin in the blood.

Question 16

Oxidative Hemolysis

Answer 16

accelerated destruction of erythrocytes exposed to “oxidant stress.”

Question 17

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 17

makes NADPH from NADP+ and H2O, NADPH protons are needed to deal with ROS, preventing Erythrocyte damage.

Question 18

Hydrazines, and Primaquin-

Answer 18

are used for treating malaria, but are oxidant chemicals so can be harmful in people without Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Question 19

Polycythemia vera

Answer 19

overproduction of Erythrocytes

Question 20

Met H B reductase/ methb reductase -

Answer 20

enzyme responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.

Question 21

Tachycardia

Answer 21

• rapid heart beat

Question 22

Bradycardia

Answer 22

slow heart beat

Question 23

Methemoglobinemia

Answer 23

when some compound oxidises of Fe to 3+ in heme so it can’t bind oxigen, dark colored blood.

Question 24

Cyanide Treatment -

Answer 24

Cyanide interferes with ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Cyanide will also bind methemoglobin. So to treat Cyanide Poisoning methemoglobin is actually induced with sodium nitrite. Then to slowly undue that methylene blue is added to reduce the heme group from methemoglobin to hemoglobin.

Question 25

Arterial hypoxia

Answer 25

O2 pressure-Low
Blood flow-Normal
Oxygen capacity -Normal
Lung Damage, pulmonary irritants — airway blockage/pulmonary edema

Question 26

Anemic hypoxia

Answer 26

O2 pressure-Normal
Blood flow-Normal
Oxygen capacity - Low
(Most common) decreased functional hemoglobin (Hb); decreased Erythrocytes; non-functional Hb, Carbon Monooxide, or Methemoglobinemia

Question 27

Stagnant hypoxia

Answer 27

O2 pressure - Normal
Blood flow - Low
Oxygen capacity - Normal
decreased rate of blood flow, physical blockage of blood flow

Question 28

Histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 28

O2 pressure - Normal
Blood flow - Normal
Oxygen capacity - Low
Reduction in ATP production by the mitochondria due to a defect in the cellular usage of oxygen. Cyanide or hydrogen sulfide poisoning.

Question 29

Hypersensitivity what it is and what causes it -

Answer 29

exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Metals; Drugs (Penicillin); Pesticides; Cosmetics/hygiene (contact dermatitis)

Question 30

Autoimmunity what it is and what causes it -

Answer 30

Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells. “autoimmune disease”. (like Systemic lupus erythematosis, wich can be ilicited by, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, or procainamide or other things) also caused by Halothane (anesthetics) mercury; silica.

Question 31

Immunosuppression what it is and what causes it -

Answer 31

the partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. Halogenated hydrocarbons (thymic atrophy); metals; pesticides; Drugs of Abuse) TCDD, AHR, ACB- hexoclobenzine (pestacide)