Liver Flashcards
sinusoids -
(holes in the liver)
Albumen -
most common plasma protein that binds lots of stuff, synthesis in the liver.
Jaundice caused by -
bile backing up into the bloodstream. Eyes usually turn yellow.
Liver function:
Nutrient homeostasis,
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction
Glucose storage and synthesis.
Hypoglycemia, (low bold sugar),
Cholesterol uptake (the liver packages cholesterol so it can get to the rest of the body but if it doesn’t do that the rest of the body won’t have regular levels of cholesterol uptake.)
Hypercholesterolemia (High cholesterol)
Liver function:
Filtration of Particulates
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction
Products of intestinal bacteria.
Endotoxemia (Endotoxins (aka Lipopolysaccharides, from Gram-negative bacteria) are released when bacteria die, and then dissociated endotoxins are able to cross the gastro-intestinal barrier to end up in the bloodstream. Causing endotoxemia.
Liver function:
Protein synthesis,
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction - Examples:
clotting factors, Albumen, transport proteins,
Excess bleeding, Hypoalbuminemia,(not enough albumen)
Ascites (Ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within the abdomen, because of low levels of albumen.)
Fatty liver.
Liver function:
Biotransformation and Detoxification,
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -
Billaruben (Heme brake-down product)
Ammonia (waste from protein digestion)
Steroid hormones,
Xenobiotics
Jaundice,
Hyperammonemia( a metabolic condition characterized by raised levels of ammonia. Ammonia is a potent neurotoxin.)
Loss of secondary male characteristics
Diminished drug metabolism
Liver function:
Bile formation and excretion,
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -
Bile dependent uptake of dietary lipids and vitamins.
Bilirubin and cholesterol.
Fatty diarrhea (malabsorption. bile needed to digest food effectively), malnutrition, vitamin E deficiency, Jaundice, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol in blood)
Liver function:
Remove metals and Xenobiotocs,
Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -
Metallothionein attachment to metals
Mn-induced neurotoxicity, Xenobiotics delayed drug clearance
Hepatic artery-
from the hart to bring oxigen to the liver.
Portal vein -
comes from small intestine to bring nutrients to the liver
hepatocytes -
primary liver cell,
Kupffer Cells -
macrophage of the liver
Caniculuss
- space between hepatocytes to conduct bile movement
MOAT-
multi organic acid active transport (for GS (glutathione) - conjugates)
Multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 2 (Mdr2) -
is a phospholipid translocator in the canalicular membrane that is essential for the formation of biliary phospholipid vesicles and mixed lipid/bile salt micelles.
Fatty liver caused by what toxicants -
CC14, ethanol, valproic acid
Hepatocyte death caused by what toxicants
Acetaminophen, Cu, dimethylformamide, ethanol, Fe, germander, microcystin
Canalicular cholestasis caused by what toxicants
(Canalicular blockage) Chlorpromazine, cyclosporin A,1,1-dichloroethylene, estrogens, ethanol, Mn, phalloidin
Bile duct damage caused by what toxicants
ANIT, methylene dianiline, sporidesmin
Cirrhosis caused by what toxicants fibrosis scaring of the liver
(fibrosis scaring of the liver) Arsenic, ethanol, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin A
Vascular disorders caused by what toxicants (altered blood flow to liver)
Arsenic, dacarbazine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, microcystin
Tumors in liver caused by what toxicants
Aflatoxins, androgens, thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride
Sines of Hepatocyte Death via Necrosis -
random DNA destruction, membrane brake down,
Sines of Hepatocyte Death via Apoptosis -
DNA laddering, cell shrinks membrane intact, no immune response
Types of Canalicular problems
- leaky paracellular junctions
- Diminished contractility of caniculus
- Impaired transporters
- Diminished Transcytosis -Transcytosis, transcellular transport of macromolecules. (via phagocytosis?)
-Toxin concentration
