Liver

Question 1

sinusoids -

Answer 1

(holes in the liver)

Question 2

Albumen -

Answer 2

most common plasma protein that binds lots of stuff, synthesis in the liver.

Question 3

Jaundice caused by -

Answer 3

bile backing up into the bloodstream. Eyes usually turn yellow.

Question 4

Liver function:
Nutrient homeostasis,

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction

Answer 4

Glucose storage and synthesis.

Hypoglycemia, (low bold sugar),

Cholesterol uptake (the liver packages cholesterol so it can get to the rest of the body but if it doesn’t do that the rest of the body won’t have regular levels of cholesterol uptake.)

Hypercholesterolemia (High cholesterol)

Question 5

Liver function:
Filtration of Particulates

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction

Answer 5

Products of intestinal bacteria.

Endotoxemia (Endotoxins (aka Lipopolysaccharides, from Gram-negative bacteria) are released when bacteria die, and then dissociated endotoxins are able to cross the gastro-intestinal barrier to end up in the bloodstream. Causing endotoxemia.

Question 6

Liver function:
Protein synthesis,

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction - Examples:

Answer 6

clotting factors, Albumen, transport proteins,

Excess bleeding, Hypoalbuminemia,(not enough albumen)
Ascites (Ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within the abdomen, because of low levels of albumen.)
Fatty liver.

Question 7

Liver function:

Biotransformation and Detoxification,

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -

Answer 7

Billaruben (Heme brake-down product)
Ammonia (waste from protein digestion)
Steroid hormones,
Xenobiotics

Jaundice,
Hyperammonemia( a metabolic condition characterized by raised levels of ammonia. Ammonia is a potent neurotoxin.)
Loss of secondary male characteristics
Diminished drug metabolism

Question 8

Liver function:

Bile formation and excretion,

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -

Answer 8

Bile dependent uptake of dietary lipids and vitamins.
Bilirubin and cholesterol.

Fatty diarrhea (malabsorption. bile needed to digest food effectively), malnutrition, vitamin E deficiency, Jaundice, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol in blood)

Question 9

Liver function:

Remove metals and Xenobiotocs,

Examples and Symptoms of disfunction -

Answer 9

Metallothionein attachment to metals

Mn-induced neurotoxicity, Xenobiotics delayed drug clearance

Question 10

Hepatic artery-

Answer 10

from the hart to bring oxigen to the liver.

Question 11

Portal vein -

Answer 11

comes from small intestine to bring nutrients to the liver

Question 12

hepatocytes -

Answer 12

primary liver cell,

Question 13

Kupffer Cells -

Answer 13

macrophage of the liver

Question 14

Caniculuss

Answer 14

• space between hepatocytes to conduct bile movement

Question 15

MOAT-

Answer 15

multi organic acid active transport (for GS (glutathione) - conjugates)

Question 16

Multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 2 (Mdr2) -

Answer 16

is a phospholipid translocator in the canalicular membrane that is essential for the formation of biliary phospholipid vesicles and mixed lipid/bile salt micelles.

Question 17

Fatty liver caused by what toxicants -

Answer 17

CC14, ethanol, valproic acid

Question 18

Hepatocyte death caused by what toxicants

Answer 18

Acetaminophen, Cu, dimethylformamide, ethanol, Fe, germander, microcystin

Question 19

Canalicular cholestasis caused by what toxicants

Answer 19

(Canalicular blockage) Chlorpromazine, cyclosporin A,1,1-dichloroethylene, estrogens, ethanol, Mn, phalloidin

Question 20

Bile duct damage caused by what toxicants

Answer 20

ANIT, methylene dianiline, sporidesmin

Question 21

Cirrhosis caused by what toxicants fibrosis scaring of the liver

Answer 21

(fibrosis scaring of the liver) Arsenic, ethanol, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin A

Question 22

Vascular disorders caused by what toxicants (altered blood flow to liver)

Answer 22

Arsenic, dacarbazine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, microcystin

Question 23

Tumors in liver caused by what toxicants

Answer 23

Aflatoxins, androgens, thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride

Question 24

Sines of Hepatocyte Death via Necrosis -

Answer 24

random DNA destruction, membrane brake down,

Question 25

Sines of Hepatocyte Death via Apoptosis -

Answer 25

DNA laddering, cell shrinks membrane intact, no immune response

Question 26

Types of Canalicular problems

Answer 26

• leaky paracellular junctions
• Diminished contractility of caniculus
• Impaired transporters
• Diminished Transcytosis -Transcytosis, transcellular transport of macromolecules. (via phagocytosis?)
  -Toxin concentration