Metals

Question 1

Inorganic vs organometaloid of Hg -

Answer 1

Hg2+(inorganic very poler, unlikely to get through cells without a transporter vs ch3-Hg-CH3 one drop of concentrated solution on skin can kill you, because the polarity is decreased.

Question 2

How are metals eliminated -

Answer 2

Urine; intestinal mucosa (sluffing off of epithelial cells in the GI tract) ; hair; skin; and breast milk

Question 3

General metal toxicity targets -

Answer 3

• Metals go after sulfhydryl groups in proteins. Effects proteins all over the body. Also good at activation oxigen and leading to oxidateive stress wich leads to general cell damage and DNA damage.

Question 4

Metal exposure Treatments -

Answer 4

Chelators: BAL (British Anit Lewisite) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Chelators are a form of Chemical antagonism. Bind the metal.

Question 5

Arsenic
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -
E.Chronic Toxicity-

Answer 5

Arsenic (As)
A.Uses -
1. Pharmaceutical (syphillis) during turn of century
2. As a pesticide

B.Absorption—GI/Respiratory tracts (respiratory less common mostly from dust)
Arsenic in water is a big problem

C.Elimination—Kidney; Hair; Fingernails

D.Acute Toxicity—anorexia; hepatomegaly (increase in liver size), Cardiovascular failure (70 mg is lethal)

E.Chronic Toxicity— Cancer (no-known animal model) all epidemiology baced; CNS and PNS affects muscle weakness and loss of sensory perception.

Question 6

Beryllium
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -
E.Chronic Toxicity-

Answer 6

Beryllium (Be)
A.Uses - Released by the combustion of coal and in the manufacture of alloys (aerospace industries). High occupational risks in manufacturing for tec, and mining

B.Absorption—Respiratory tracts

C.Acute toxicity—Contact dermatitis

D.Chronic Toxicity— Berylliosis (honeycomb lung)—fibrotic condition of lung (becuse of loss of connective tissue) fibrosis from alot of metals but wholes in lung only from Beryllium
Human carcinogen (epidemiological studies)

Question 7

Cadmium
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -
E.Chronic Toxicity-

Answer 7

Cadmium (Cd)
A.Uses - Manufacturing processes as catalyst and in batteries- good catalist

B.Absorption—GI/Respiratory tracts (fumes) Mostly of the oxide,

C.Distribution—binds hepatic proteins (metallothioneins (30% cycstine) ; transported to kidney,
If it stays in the kidney it gets transported to the bone. Half-life is approx. 30 yrs

D.Elimination—Kidney; GI; (cell shluffing very common with this)

E.Acute Toxicity—GI-tract local toxicity (Nausea, abdominal pain (becuse of GI cell shluffing) Liver dysfunction; pulmonary edema (if exposure via inhalation)
Acute = liver tox and chronic = kidney

F.Chronic Toxicity— Kidney toxicity; bone toxicity(Itai Itai disease); prostate and lung Cancer

Question 8

Chromium
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -
E.Chronic Toxicity-

Answer 8

Chromium (Cr)
Chromium III (not very toxic) and chromium VI (6 = Hexavalent ) (very toxic) Highly monitored in water.

A. Uses - Chromite ore mining, stainless steel, paint pigments, wood preservatives, leather tanning

B. Absorption - Respiratory tracts (GI-minor)

C.Acute Toxicity - Acute Tubular necrosis kidney (oral); (Contact allergen-dermal)

D.Chronic Toxicity - Cancer lung, no proven canser from GI exposhure.

Question 9

Lead
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -
E.Chronic Toxicity-

Answer 9

lead
A.Uses -
1. Ceramics; paints; automobile exhausts (children touching walls with lead paint, dermal exposure also possibly if they touch the wall and then touch their mouthes)
Leaded gasoline exhaust is also problematic. Catalysts arn’t changed so the organolead was going right into the air.

B. Absorption; Respiratory and GI routes (binds erithrocytes and transported throughout body to bone (half-life 20 years). In organic lead exposure can also come from, led pipes, thats inorganic lead (Flint MI) in organic lead targets kidney and blood. Lead hijacks Ca and iron in bood and bone, Blood dyscrasia - malformed hemoglobin.

C. Acute Toxicity - blood, kidney and CNS (CNS affects from mostly organic lead)

E.Chronic toxicity - (children: lead encephalopathy) (because children have a limited blood brain barior)

Question 10

Mercury
A.Uses-
B.Absorption -
C.Elimination -
D.Acute Toxicity -

Answer 10

Mercury (Hg)
A. Uses - degassing of earth’s crust; mining; catalyst

B. Absorption -(organic vs inorganic, have different distribution and targets)
Inorganic—GI exposure
Organic—Brain (developing fetus susceptible)

C. Acute toxicity
1. Kidney - Inorganic (GI exposure)
2. Brain - Organic — (developing fetus susceptible)—Minimata Bay due to Cystine Methionine uptake pathway.

Question 11

Selenium affect on Hg absorption -

Answer 11

if it is present the Hg is not bioavailable.

Question 12

Minamata -

Answer 12

• Murcurry in river water changed from inorganic to organic mercury downstream due to microbial activity. The bacteria tend to methylate metals. Curcuray substituting for cobalt metabolism. CH3-Hg was magnified in the food chain as people ate the fish in the bay. Not every compound magnifies in the food chain but Mercury does. Fish incorporate mercury into their musel. Still a problem in ocean today. With things like tuna and swordfish.
  Minamata disease is a lot like cerebral palsy

Question 13

Name three metals that have a different target when you put an organic group on them?

Answer 13

Dubel check this.
Mercury
Kidney - Inorganic
Brain - Organic

Lead
Inorganic - in water and paint - GI and nuro
Organic - in leaded gasoline - huge nuro problems, absorbs through skin.

Arsenic
Inorganic arsenic compounds (such as those found in water) are highly toxic while organic arsenic compounds (such as those found in seafood) are less harmful to health.