Plant Structure Flashcards
What is the radicle?
The first root that grows from a seed
What is the tap/ primary root?
Where the main root that develops from the radicle grows down into the soil. Associated with dicots e.g Carrots
What are lateral/ secondary roots?
They emerge from the primary root and have tiny root hairs
What are fibrous roots?
Where a mass of small, branched roots emerge from the stem. Associated with monocots e.g grass
What is an adventitious root?
Roots that do not develop from the radicle
What are the functions of the root?
- anchor the plant
- absorb water and mineral salts from the soil
- transport absorbed materials in the stem
- store food in some plants
What are the roots zones?
Protection, cell production, elongation and differentiation
What is the root zone of protection?
The root cap. Protects the root cells as they push through the soil
What is the root zone of cell production?
The meristem. Allows the plant to grow by process of mitosis
What is the root zone of elongation?
Plant growth regulators stimulate the cells to grow longer
What is the root zone of differentiation?
Dermal tissue, vascular tissue and ground tissue
What are the function of the stem?
- support the aerial parts
- carry out photosynthesis (when they are green)
- to transport materials to and from the leaves
What allow for gas exchange in the stems?
Lenticels
What type of leaf venation is typically in a monocot?
Parallel venation
What type of leaf venation is typically in a dicot?
Reticulate/ net venation
What are the functions of the leaf?
- make food during photosynthesis
- store food
- gas exchange
- allow water loss (transpiration)
What is dermal tissue?
Forms a protective covering layer for the plant, like human skin
What is vascular tissue?
Xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport)
What is ground tissue?
Between other two tissues. Carries out functions like photosynthesis, food storage and plant structure
What is xylem?
Xylem is a dead tissue that transports water and minerals throughout a plant
Is xylem living or dead?
Dead tissue
What are the two types of cells in xylems?
Vessels and tracheids
What gives xylem strength?
Lignin
How does water enter and exit xylem vessels?
Through pits
What makes tracheids different from vessels?
Tracheids are tapered at one end
Where are tracheids found?
Coniferous trees, e.g pines
What is phloem?
A living tissue that transports food (glucose)
Is phloem living or dead tissue?
Living
What is phloem composed of?
Sieve tubes and companion cells
What joins to make sieve tubes?
Sieve tube elements?
What are sieve plates?
Pores that enable materials to pass through sieve tube elements
What are the walls of phloem made of?
Cellulose
Is phloem or xylem stronger?
Xylem is stronger than phloem
What is an example of monocotyledons?
Daffodils
What are features of monocots?
- one seed leaf (cotyledon)
- long, narrow leaves with parallel veins
- scattered vascular bundles in the stem
- flowering parts arranged in multiples of three
What is an example of a dicotyledon?
Rose
What are features of a dicot?
- two seed leaves (cotyledons)
- broad leaves with a network of veins
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem
- flowering parts arranged in multiples of four or five
If you are reading this…
Go look at plant structure diagrams!
