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[LC Biology] > Food > Flashcards

Food Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the way in which an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Nutrients are chemical substances, present in food, that are used by organisms

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3
Q

Why are nutrients used by organisms?

A
  • As a source of energy
  • To make chemicals needed for cell or metabolic reactions
  • As raw material for the growth and repair of structures in an organism
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4
Q

What are the 6 common elements found in food?

A
  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Sulphur (S)
    (CHONPS)
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5
Q

What 5 elements are present as dissolve salts in food?

A
  • Sodium (Na)
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Calcium (Ca)
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6
Q

What three trace elements are found in food?

A
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Zinc (Zn)
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7
Q

What are bio molecules?

A

Bio molecules are chemicals that are made inside a living thing

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8
Q

What are bio chemicals?

A

Bio chemicals are bio molecules which contain carbon

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9
Q

What are the 4 major bio molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids (Fats)
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
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10
Q

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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11
Q

What is the general ratio for carbohydrates ?

A

C x (H2O) y

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12
Q

What is the structural role of carbs?

A

The carbohydrate cellulose is used to form plant cell walls

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13
Q

What is the metabolic role of carbs?

A

Carbs are broke down in respiration to release energy

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14
Q

What use do carbs have?

A

To store and supply energy

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15
Q

How can we test for carbohydrates?

A

Iodine and bread
Red/Yellow to Blue/Black

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16
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A
  • Smallest unit of carbs
  • Sweet to taste
  • Soluble in water
  • Single sugar unit
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17
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose
- Provides energy
- Found in fruits and chocolate

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18
Q

What is a disaccharide ?

A
  • Two monosaccharides joined tighter
  • Sweet to taste
  • Soluble in water
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19
Q

Examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
- Table sugar
- glucose + fructose

Maltose
- found in germinating seeds
- glucose+glucose

Lactose
- found in milk
- glucose+galactose

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
  • Many units of carbs joined together
  • Not sweet to taste
  • Insoluble or only slightly soluble in water
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21
Q

Examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
- carb stored by plants
- e.g rice, potatoes and flour

Cellulose
- difficult to break down and is used as fibre
- used in cell walls

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22
Q

What elements are found in lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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23
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solid lipids at room temperature, oils are liquid lipids at room temperature

24
Q

What are sources of lipids?

A

Butter and oil

25
Q

What is the structural role of lipids?

A

Lipids are important food stores in plants and animals. Stored lipids can have a secondary function as heat insulation and protection of organs

26
Q

What is the metabolic role of lipids?

A

Lipids are broken down in respiration to release energy

27
Q

How do we test for lipids?

A

Using brown paper and butter
Lipids make brown paper translucent

28
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

One molecule of glycerol linked to three fatty acid molecules

29
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Made of one glycerol linked to two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate

30
Q

What elements are in protein?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sometimes phosphorus and sulfur

31
Q

What are sources of protein?

A

Meat, eggs and nuts

32
Q

What is the structural role of proteins?

A

Keratin is found in strong skin and hair
Myosin is found in muscles

33
Q

What is the metabolic role of proteins?

A

Proteins are used as enzymes to control reactions and as antibodies to fight infection

34
Q

How can we test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent in egg white
Colour change from blue to violet

35
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Amino acids

36
Q

How many different amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

37
Q

What is the bind between amino acids called?

A

A peptide bond

38
Q

What is a group of more than 20 amino acids called?

A

A polypeptide

39
Q

What is a long polypeptide called? (200 amino acids)?

A

A protein

40
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Vitamins are complex carbon based substances that the body cannot make. They are only needed in small amounts

41
Q

Is vitamin c water soluble?

A

Yes

42
Q

What are sources of vitamin c?

A

Veg and fresh fruit

43
Q

What is the metabolic role of vitamin c?

A

To help healing and immune system

44
Q

What is a deficiency in vitamin c?

A

Scurvy (seen in bad teeth and gums)

45
Q

Is vitamin d water soluble?

A

No, vitamin d is fat soluble

46
Q

What is a source of vitamin d?

A

Made in skin through UV rays

47
Q

What is the metabolic role of vitamin d?

A

To help absorb calcium for healthy bones and teeth

48
Q

What is a deficiency in vitamin d?

A

Rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults (weak, deformed, brittle bones)

49
Q

Why are minerals needed?

A
  • To form bone and cement between cell walls (Ca)
  • To make muscle (N,S)
  • To form body fluids (tears, saliva, plasma)
  • To form bio molecules like haemoglobin
50
Q

What is an example of a mineral that can be found in plants and animals, what is its source and its use?

A

Calcium,
Found in the salts in soil and helps bind cell walls
Found in milk and cheese and makes healthy teeth and bones

51
Q

What is the most abundant chemical in living things?

A

Water

52
Q

How much mass does water make up in plants and animals?

A

60% in humans and 90% in animals

53
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

54
Q

Why is water essential for life?

A
  • The liquid where all metabolic reactions take place
  • Provides the basis for transport systems in organisms
55
Q

What importance does water have to living things?

A
  • Component of cytoplasm and body fluids
  • Good solvent
  • Good absorber of heat and temperature regulator
56
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic reactions convert smaller molecules into larger ones
Anabolic reactions require enzymes and use energy
E.g photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water to glucose

57
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

In a catabolic reaction, a complex molecule is broken down into simpler ones
Catabolic reactions release energy and require enzymes
E.g Respiration , glucose is broken down, creating energy

[LC Biology] (8 decks)

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