Monera (Bacteria)

Question 1

What are micro-organisms?

Answer 1

Small living things

Question 2

What is the study of micro-organisms called?

Answer 2

Microbiology

Question 3

What types of habitats do bacteria occupy?

Answer 3

Terrestrial and aquatic

Question 4

What is the size of bacteria?

Answer 4

0.1 to 10 micrometers

Question 5

Bacteria Structure

Answer 5

Look at bacteria structure diagram

Question 6

What is the cell wall?

Answer 6

Made of a complex mixture of sugars and protein. It prevents bacteria from swelling with water and bursting.

Question 7

What is the capsule?

Answer 7

Semi-solid capsule or a more liquid slime layer.

Question 8

What is the chromosome in bacteria?

Answer 8

One bacterial chromosome consisting of a circular strand of DNA without a surrounding membrane. The chromosome does not contain any associated protein.

Question 9

What is the plasmid in DNA?

Answer 9

Small DNA loop. Plasmids contain genes that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics and are used in genetic engineering. Bacterial genes are located on both the chromosomes and the plasmid. This means that their genome consists of a chromosome and one or more plasmids.

Question 10

What is in the bacteria cytoplasm?

Answer 10

Contains ribosomes, storage granules (food or waste), no mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Question 11

What is the function of the flagella?

Answer 11

Allow the bacteria to move.

Question 12

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Answer 12

Round, Rod, Spiral

Question 13

What is an example of round bacteria?

Answer 13

Pneumonia

Question 14

What is an example of rod bacteria?

Answer 14

Tuberculosis

Question 15

What is an example of spiral bacteria?

Answer 15

Syphillis

Question 16

What are the stages of bacterial reproduction?

Answer 16

1. Cell elongates
2. DNA replicates identical copies
3. Chromosome segregation
4. Cytokinesis
5. Two Identical daughter cells

Question 17

How do bacteria reproduce asexually?

Answer 17

Binary fission

Question 18

How often do bacteria divide?

Answer 18

Every 20 minutes

Question 19

Are bacteria in asexual reproduction genetically identical?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

How can mutations in bacteria evolve?

Answer 20

due to the speed at which new mutations can spread within the rapidly growing bacteria. Short lifecycles mean that any new variation produced by a mutation can be passed on very quickly to a large number of bacteria

Question 21

What do mutations in bacteria lead to?

Answer 21

Antibiotic resistance

Question 22

Endospores

Answer 22

Look at endospores diagram

Question 23

How do bacteria withstand unfavourable conditions?

Answer 23

By producing endospores

Question 24

What are the two ways bacteria can get food?

Answer 24

Heterotrophic (take in food) or autotrophic (make food)

Question 25

What are the two types of heterotrophic bacteria?

Answer 25

Saprophytic and parasitic

Question 26

What are saprophytic bacteria?

Answer 26

Bacteria that feed on dead sources e.g bacteria of decay

Question 27

What are parasitic bacteria?

Answer 27

Bacteria that take food from a live host e.g disease-causing bacteria

Question 28

What are photosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 28

Bacteria that use light e.g purple sulfur bacteria

Question 29

What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 29

Bacteria that use energy from chemical reactions e.g nitrifying bacteria

Question 30

What are factors affecting the growth of bacteria?

Answer 30

Temperature, pH, Oxygen Concentration, Pressure

Question 31

What are aerobic bacteria?

Answer 31

Bacteria that need oxygen, e.g streptococcus

Question 32

What are anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 32

Bacteria that don’t need oxygen e.g tetanus

Question 33

What are economic benefits of bacteria?

Answer 33

- Make milk products into butter, yoghurt, cheese - Production of antibiotics - Production of insulin, enzymes

Question 34

What are economic disadvantages of bacteria?

Answer 34

- Milk turns sour, food decays - Causes human, animal and plant diseases, e.g bacterial meningitis

Question 35

What are used to control a bacteria infection?

Answer 35

Antibiotics

Question 36

What do antibiotics not affect?

Answer 36

Viruses

Question 37

What are pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 37

Bacteria that cause disease

Question 38

What are antibiotics?

Answer 38

chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.

Question 39

How do antibiotic-resistant bacteria develop?

Answer 39

By mutations

Question 40

What are examples of multi-resistant bacteria?

Answer 40

MRSA and C.difficile (superbugs)

Question 41

What does the overuse of antibiotics cause?

Answer 41

Growth in antibiotic-resistant

Question 42

Why do bacteria survive and regrow ?

Answer 42

Due to the failure of some patients to complete their treatments

Question 43

Growth curve of bacteria

Answer 43

Look at diagram

Question 44

What are the stages of the bacteria growth curve?

Answer 44

1. Lag Phase 2. Log Phase 3. Stationary Phases 4. Decline Phases 5. Survival Phase

Question 45

What is bio processing?

Answer 45

The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product

Question 46

What is a bioreactor?

Answer 46

A vessel or container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product

Question 47

What is batch culture?

Answer 47

Batch Culture is the growth of cells in a sealed container (or bioreactor) over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up.

Question 48

What is continuous flow?

Answer 48

Continuous Flow food processing is the growth of cells in an open container (or bioreactor) where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells.