Monera (Bacteria) Flashcards
What are micro-organisms?
Small living things
What is the study of micro-organisms called?
Microbiology
What types of habitats do bacteria occupy?
Terrestrial and aquatic
What is the size of bacteria?
0.1 to 10 micrometers
Bacteria Structure
Look at bacteria structure diagram
What is the cell wall?
Made of a complex mixture of sugars and protein. It prevents bacteria from swelling with water and bursting.
What is the capsule?
Semi-solid capsule or a more liquid slime layer.
What is the chromosome in bacteria?
One bacterial chromosome consisting of a circular strand of DNA without a surrounding membrane. The chromosome does not contain any associated protein.
What is the plasmid in DNA?
Small DNA loop. Plasmids contain genes that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics and are used in genetic engineering. Bacterial genes are located on both the chromosomes and the plasmid. This means that their genome consists of a chromosome and one or more plasmids.
What is in the bacteria cytoplasm?
Contains ribosomes, storage granules (food or waste), no mitochondria or chloroplasts.
What is the function of the flagella?
Allow the bacteria to move.
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Round, Rod, Spiral
What is an example of round bacteria?
Pneumonia
What is an example of rod bacteria?
Tuberculosis
What is an example of spiral bacteria?
Syphillis
What are the stages of bacterial reproduction?
- Cell elongates
- DNA replicates identical copies
- Chromosome segregation
- Cytokinesis
- Two Identical daughter cells
How do bacteria reproduce asexually?
Binary fission
How often do bacteria divide?
Every 20 minutes
Are bacteria in asexual reproduction genetically identical?
Yes
How can mutations in bacteria evolve?
due to the speed at which new mutations can spread within the rapidly growing bacteria. Short lifecycles mean that any new variation produced by a mutation can be passed on very quickly to a large number of bacteria
What do mutations in bacteria lead to?
Antibiotic resistance
Endospores
Look at endospores diagram
How do bacteria withstand unfavourable conditions?
By producing endospores
What are the two ways bacteria can get food?
Heterotrophic (take in food) or autotrophic (make food)
What are the two types of heterotrophic bacteria?
Saprophytic and parasitic
What are saprophytic bacteria?
Bacteria that feed on dead sources e.g bacteria of decay
What are parasitic bacteria?
Bacteria that take food from a live host e.g disease-causing bacteria
What are photosynthetic bacteria?
Bacteria that use light e.g purple sulfur bacteria
What are chemosynthetic bacteria?
Bacteria that use energy from chemical reactions e.g nitrifying bacteria
What are factors affecting the growth of bacteria?
Temperature, pH, Oxygen Concentration, Pressure
What are aerobic bacteria?
Bacteria that need oxygen, e.g streptococcus
What are anaerobic bacteria?
Bacteria that don’t need oxygen e.g tetanus
What are economic benefits of bacteria?
- Make milk products into butter, yoghurt, cheese
- Production of antibiotics
- Production of insulin, enzymes
What are economic disadvantages of bacteria?
- Milk turns sour, food decays
- Causes human, animal and plant diseases, e.g bacterial meningitis
What are used to control a bacteria infection?
Antibiotics
What do antibiotics not affect?
Viruses
What are pathogenic bacteria?
Bacteria that cause disease
What are antibiotics?
chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.
How do antibiotic-resistant bacteria develop?
By mutations
What are examples of multi-resistant bacteria?
MRSA and C.difficile (superbugs)
What does the overuse of antibiotics cause?
Growth in antibiotic-resistant
Why do bacteria survive and regrow ?
Due to the failure of some patients to complete their treatments
Growth curve of bacteria
Look at diagram
What are the stages of the bacteria growth curve?
- Lag Phase
- Log Phase
- Stationary Phases
- Decline Phases
- Survival Phase
What is bio processing?
The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
What is a bioreactor?
A vessel or container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product
What is batch culture?
Batch Culture is the growth of cells in a sealed container (or bioreactor) over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up.
What is continuous flow?
Continuous Flow food processing is the growth of cells in an open container (or bioreactor) where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells.
