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Bio 153 > Plant Diversity (Vascular Plants) > Flashcards

Plant Diversity (Vascular Plants) Flashcards

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1
Q

Vascular Plants
Plant successes
* Water conservation
systems
* ___________________
* ___________________
* Vascular systems

A
  1. waxy cuticle
  2. stomata
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2
Q

Vascular Plants
* Xylem( moves water)
* Conduct __________ and
minerals from ________
* Flow is “___________” only
* Dead hollow stacks of cells
* Phloem
* Conduct ___________ and
nutrients throughout plant
* ___________________ flow
* Live tube for transport
* Lignin
* _____________ cells walls of
xylem
* Provides _______ resistance

A
  1. water
  2. “upward”
  3. sucrose
  4. bidirectional flow
  5. strengthen
  6. decay
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3
Q

Vascular Plants
* Sporophyte is __________________ generation
* _________ and ___________(than nonvascular plants)

A
  1. dominant
  2. taller and larger
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4
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
* Reproduce sexually, release ________
* Flagellated sperm (limited to
_____________areas)
like _______________

  • Sporophyte ____________ from
    gametophyte
  • Well developed vascular tissue
    like _______________ plants
A
  1. moist
  2. bryopthyes
  3. separates
  4. seeded
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5
Q

Spore-dispersed Plants
* ____________________, dispersion by spores
* Advantages of spores
* Cheap, small, __________________ investment
* Produced in _______________ numbers
* Can result in high number of ________________
* Disadvantages
* ______________, most spores unsuccessful
* Must land on good moist soil
* Low resource to support growing _______________

A
  1. seedless
  2. low resource
  3. very high
  4. offspring
  5. wasteful
  6. gametophyte
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6
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
* Appeared _______ mya (earliest seedless vascular)

A
  1. 427 million years ago
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7
Q

Fossil Fuels = Coal = Organic remains
300 mya Great Swamp Forest existed
Seedless Vascular Plants _____________

A

dominated

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8
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
Club Mosses
Division Lycophyta
* 1,000 species
* Formerly very _______ in
size: >30m, Now: <30 cm
* Now: all herbaceous
* Formerly ______________
* Relicts of _____________
vascular plants

A
  1. large
  2. woody
  3. earliest
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9
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
Horsetails
(Division
Sphenophyta)
* 15 species
* Rhizome produces tall
aerial __________
* Whorls of slender,
___________ branches
* Small, scalelike
___________ at joints
____________ for over 300 million years(their fossils look identical to now)

A
  1. stems
  2. green
  3. leaves
  4. unchanged
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10
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
Whisk Ferns
(Division Psilophyta)
* 12 species
* Many extinct species known
* Lacks roots and leaves!
– ____________of seedless vascular
plants
– _____________ photosynthetic

A
  1. simplest
  2. branches
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11
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
(Division Pterophyta)
* __________ species (_____% in tropics)
* Small floating ferns to large tree-like
ferns

A
  1. 12000 (75%)
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12
Q

Ferns
* True roots, stems, and leaves
* Sporophyte separate from
gametophyte
* Large conspicuous fronds (________)
– Divided into leaflets
– Fiddlehead (____________ frond)
Ferns: Fronds with sporangia on __________________

A
  1. leaves
  2. young fond
  3. underside
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13
Q

Ferns
* Prothallus: heart shaped
___________________
* Rhizoids as anchor
* Antheridium and
archegonium

A
  1. gametophyte
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14
Q

Gymnosperms
* Arose in _______________
period (360 – 300 mya)
* Radiated during ___________
period (300 – 250 mya)
* Mesozoic Era: age of the
________________ and
gymnosperms
* Range from tropical forests
to deserts
* Mostly found in cool
temperate zones in N. and
S. hemispheres

A
  1. Carboniferous
  2. Permian
  3. dinosaurs
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15
Q

Seed:
* _______________ sporophyte, _________________, seed coat (protection)
* Develops from “____________” gametophyte
Pollen:
* Immature male ___________________

A
  1. embryo soporophyte, food reserves
  2. female
  3. gametophyte
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16
Q

Gymnosperms
* Heterosporous
* Sharp _____________ between male microspores (pollen
grains) and female megaspores
* Pollen grain contains entire male gametophyte, including
sperm

A
  1. differences
17
Q

Cycads
(Division Cycadophyta):
185 species
* Short, palm-like trees
* Unbranched
* _____________ per tree, either
__________________________
* **Dioecious: Male and female
structures on __________________
* Flourished during Mesozoic (with
dinosaurs)
* Monoecious: Male and female
structures on ________________

A
  1. 1 cone
  2. male or female
  3. different plants
  4. same plants
18
Q

Ginkgos
(Division
Ginkgophyta)
* _______ surviving species
(Gingko biloba)
* Unchanged for ________
million years
* ____________, some trees
produce seeds and
others produce pollen
* ____________ tree
typically planted

A
  1. one
  2. 200
  3. Diecious
  4. male
19
Q

Ginkgo biloba
* Considered ___________________________
* Improve mental functioning, ability to
concentrate, and circulation of blood
* Chinese believe: strengthen lungs,
kidneys, relieves cough, improves
circulation

A
  1. oldest living tree
20
Q

Gnetophytes
(Division Gnetophyta)
* 70 species
* __________ genera (very different from each other)
* Ephedra (35), Gnetum (30), and Welwitschia (1)
Welwitchia mirabilis
Africa
Some >__________ years old
Most below ground (>meter)

A
  1. 3
  2. 1,500
21
Q

Ephedra sinica
Dietary supplement promoted to
accelerate metabolism = ____________

A
  1. weight loss
22
Q

Female Cone:
* _____________________ seed bearing cone
* Produces ovule (megaspore, female gametophyte with
archegonia and eggs)
Male Cone:
* __________________, inconspicuous, lower branches
* Produces microspores (give rise to pollen grains with two non-
motile sperms)

A
  1. larger
  2. Small

Bio 153 (14 decks)

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