9/11 Phylogenetics

Question 1

Taxonomy:
* _______________________
and classifies new species

Answer 1

Identifies, names,

Question 1

Phylogeny:
* ______________
relationships among
groups of organisms

Answer 1

Evolutionary

Question 2

Carl Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
* Father of taxonomy
* Developed system for
_____________ and classifying
organisms
* Used ____________________
characteristics to assign
scientific names
* Devised classification system
(taxonomic hierarchy)

Answer 2

1. naming
2. morphological

Question 3

Goals of Taxonomy and Phylogenetics:

1. Compile an _______________ of world’s biota
2. __________________ the biota

Answer 3

1. inventory
2. describe

Question 4

• _____ million species have been named
• Estimates total # of species: ____ to ____ million
• Birds and mammals very well known!
• ____________ and _______________ , virtually unknown

Answer 4

1) 1.9 million
2) 8-10 million
3) Bacteria and invertebrates

Question 5

ex. Diversity of insects in tropical forests
* Study: San Lorenzo forest in Panama
* 1 acre of forest
* >_____________ insect species
* _____to____% previously unknown to science

Answer 5

1) 6,000
2) 60-70%

Question 6

In classification D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S:
The higher the category, the more inclusive (________)

Answer 6

Broader

Question 7

Phylogeny and classification:
*Phylogenetics reflects _________________
Organisms share a true *evolutionary history regardless of our arbitrary decisions of how to classify them

Answer 7

Evolutionary history

Question 8

Phylogenetics:
* Study of the evolutionary _____________________
* Phylogenetic tree is a diagram that indicates ________________________ and lines of descent

Answer 8

1. relationships
2. common ancestors

Question 9

Phylogenetic Trees:
*A primitive character (pleisiomorphic) is _____________
in ________________________ and in all members of a
group

Answer 9

present in the common ancestor

Question 10

A derived character (apomorphic or synapomorphic) is
one that is found _________________________
line of descent.

Answer 10

found only in a particular

Question 11

*Analogous structures: _________________ to a
common challenge

*Homologous structures:
__________ similarities

Answer 11

1) solutions
2) Inherited

Question 12

• Convergent Evolution
  – Acquisition of the ____________ or _______________
  characters in distantly related lines of descent

Answer 12

same or similar

Question 13

Analagous structures have the ___________________________ in different groups but not derived
from a common ancestor
ex. Fins of a tuna (fish) and dolphin (mammal

Answer 13

same function

Question 14

Homologous structures are related
to each other through common descent
*May have
_________________
Ex: Vertebrate forelimbs

Answer 14

different functions

Question 15

Analogous structures have the
________ functions, but evolved
_______________________

Answer 15

same
independently

Question 16

Homologous structures are
anatomically ___________
(derived from common ancestor)
but may have ______________
functions

Answer 16

similar
different

Question 17

A taxon is monophyletic if a single ancestor gave rise to
all ____________________ in that taxon and none in others

Answer 17

species

Question 18

A taxon is paraphyletic if it only includes _________________ the descendants of a shared common
ancestor

Answer 18

some but not all