Angiosperms 10/9 Flashcards
Angiosperms
Phylum: Anthophyta
* ______________ plants
* _____________group of plants
(_______% of all plants)
* 350,000 species!
* __________________Earth for
>______ million years
* Became dominant plant group
in late ______________ Period
* Diverse in sizes, shapes, habitats,
growth habits, nutrition
- flowering
- largest
- 85%
- dominated
- 100
- cretaceous
Phylum: Anthophyta
* Exact __________________ is
debated
* Some hypothesize _________
Period (200–145 mya)
* Or ___________(250–200 mya)
* Angiosperm pollen found
from as far back as 240 mya
- time of origin
- Jurassic
- Triassic
Basal Angiosperms
Diagnostic features:
* Pollen has _________ groove
* Seeds with ____ cotyledons
(some)
Magnoliales (magnoliids)
* ________________ group
* Ex. magnolias, laurels, avocados,
peppercorn, cinnamon
Austrobaileyales – star anise
Nymphaeales – ___________________
Amborella
* Closest living relative of _________
flowering plants
- Single
- 3+
- Largest
- water lilies
- first
Monocots and Dicots
A) Monocots
* _______ cotyledon (___________________)
* Pollen has ________________ groove
* Flower parts in ____’s or multiples of ___’s
* _______________ leaf venation
* Vascular bundles scattered in stem
* _____________________ species
* Ex. __________, palms, orchids, ________
- 1 cotyledon(seed leaf)
- single
- 3’s (both blanks)
- Parallel
- 65,000
- grasses, onions
B) Dicots
* _____ cotyledons per seed
* Pollen has _____ grooves
* Flower parts in ___’s or ____’s or multiples
* _____________ leaf venation
* Vascular tissues or bundles in circular
arrangement
* ___________________ species
* ex. legumes, hardwood trees
- 2
- 3
- 4’s , 5’s
- Net
- 200,000
Flower stuctures
* Peduncle
(_________________ )
expands at tip into a
___________________
– Bears sepals, petals,
stamens, and carpels
- flower stalk
- receptacle
- Calyx
- Collection of _________
- _____________ flower
bud before it opens - Corolla
- Collection of _________
- Usually colorful
- ___________ pollinators
- Perianth:
- Calyx + Corolla
- Tepals: when sepals
and petals are
___________ together
- sepals
- protect
- petals
- attract
- fused
- Stamen (Male)
- Anther (contains
_______________) - Filament (_________)
- Carpel/Pistil (Female)
- Ovary - Swollen base
Fruit - Style - Elevates stigma
- Stigma - ___________
receptor of __________
- pollen grains
- stalk
- sticky
- grains
Perfect flower:
flowers with ____________ male and female parts
- both
Imperfect flower:
a flower that has only male parts or only
female parts
Staminate: ________ flowers
Pistillate: _________ flowers
- male
- female
Flowering Plant Life Cycle
1. Sporophyte (2N) consist of:
Carpel: stigma, style, ovary (________reproductive structures)
Stamen: anther, filament (__________ reproductive structure)
- female
- male
Flowering Plant Life Cycle
2. Anther comprised of many _______________________
Pollen sacs comprised of many microsporocytes
Ovary comprised of an _______________
(megasporangium, megasporocyte)
- pollen sacs
- ovule
Flowering Plant Life Cycle
Meiosis:
Megasporocytes (2N) 4 megaspores (1N)
(___ disintegrate)
(___ functional)
Microsporocyte (2N) 4 microspores (1N)
- 3
- 1
- Fertilization
Sperm #1 and egg fuse to form a zygote (2N)
Sperm #2 unites with polar nuclei (3N)=___________
_____________________ (unique to angiosperms)
- enosperm
- double fertilization
- Flower dies (completed its purpose = _______________)
* Zygote develops into the seed (____________________)
* ___________ wall develops into fruit and covers seeds
- reproduction
- embryo/endosperm
- ovary wall
Pollination
2 types of pollination:
* Self-pollination: when pollen from an anther
reaches stigma of ______________________
* Cross-pollination: when pollen from an anther
reaches stigma of ______________________
- same flower
- of another flower
Pollination
* Many angiosperms
______________ with
pollinators (insects, bats,
birds)
* Plants make ________
_______________ to attract
animal pollinators (i.e.
nectar, pollen, etc.)
* Animals picks up _______
from male parts, transfer
to female reproductive
parts
- coevolved
- big investments
- pollen
Pollination Syndromes
Bats and moths
* Nighttime pollinators
* Intensely __________ smelling
* ___________, pale petals
Birds
* Daytime pollinators
* Flowers are ______ and _________
* Good _________, poor sense of ______
* ____________ fragrance
Beetles and flies
* Flowers smell like _________ meat,
____________, decaying matter
Bees
* See ______________ light
* Flowers have _____________odors
* Flowers _________, ________, _________
- sweet
- white
- red and yellow
- vision, poor smell
- low
- rotten, dung
- ultraviolent
- sweet
- yellow, blue, purple
Pollination Syndromes
* Wind-pollinated flowers usually
__________________
* Make big investments in _______
* ____________ fan out to easily
catch pollen
- not showy
- pollen
- stigmas
- Fruits protect and aid in
______________________ - Utilize wind, gravity, water, and
animals for dispersal - Seeds have adaptations like
stickers, hooks, fuzz to adhere to
____________________
- seed dispersal
- animals
Exocarp: outermost layer
Mesocarp: middle “________________” layer
Endocarp: inner layer
Some fruits do not include a mesocarp
Usually eat the _______________________
- fleshy
- exocarp
1) Simple Fruits
* Derived from _____________ or several united carpels
* Develop from ___ pistil and consists of ___ matured ovary
* Ovary can have one or many chamb
- single
- 1
- 1
- Simple pistil (ovary)
– ______ ovule in ovary
– Fruit from this pistil will
produce _____ seed - Ex. Wheat or peach
- _____________ pistil (ovary)
– Multiple ovules in the
ovary, produce multiple
seeds - Ex. Peas in a pod or
tomato
- 1
- 1
- Compound
2) Compound fruits:
Develop from several
____________________
A) Aggregate Fruits – Fusion of
ovaries from a single flower
* From flowers that have a
number of single pistils that
stick together
* Several matured ovaries
(simple fruits) stick together
to form a aggregate fruit
* Ex. ___________________
- individual ovaries
- blackberries
2) Multiple Fruits
Ovaries are from ____________________ clustered together
1.separate flowers
