Planning Flashcards
contingency planning
back-up plan; the “what ifs”
planning awareness model
Awareness -> gathering and analysing info -> form a plan -> implement plan -> evaluating plan
what affects planning?
- Time, stress
- Situational factors
- Personal traits, characteristics
- Personality factors
time, stress
- Planning takes time
- Reduces as well as increases stress
- Often plan ahead
- Motivated by want, need, goal
situational factors
- Physical surroundings
- Social surroundings
- Time
- Task
- Task-saturation (people too busy, can’t plan effectively)
personality traits and characteristics (introverts vs. extroverts)
- Introverts: think about selves first
- Extroverts: interested in others
- Affects the way information is gathered and processed
- Introverts: don’t seek outside help
- Extrovert: ask questions when help needed
personality factors
- Expertise: ability to perform tasks (expertise typically comes after 10 years of doing an activity)
- Motivation: actively directed towards goal/objective
- Persistence: staying power -> Proactive vs. Reactive
- Proactive: accepts responsibility for own decisions
- Reactive: overly affected by outside forces
planning
a series of decisions concerning future standards and sequences of action
attributes of plans
- Clear
- Flexible
- Realistic
- Adaptive
- Appropriate
- Goal-directed
types of plans
- Directional plans
- Contingency plans
- Strategic plans
standard-setting vs. sequencing
- Standard-setting
- Quality criteria
- Quantity criteria - Sequencing
- How activities are ordered:
- Independent activities (one at a time)
- Dovetailing (multitasking)
- Overlapping activities (combo of activities requiring intermittent attention)
- Interdependent (one activity must finish before another can start)
implementing: actuating, controlling/adjusting, checking
- Actuating: putting plans, procedures into action
- Controlling action; adjust as needed
- Checking: the plan; ie. Have you met standards and sequences?
blocks to successful implementation
- Other people
- Costs, other restrictions
- Competition (someone else’s plan is better; own plans compete)
- Crises
- Procrastination, too little motivation
- Close-mindedness
evaluating
- Process of judging or examining -> Cost, value, worth of plan; Decision based on standards, met demands, goals
- Assessment - gathering information about results
- Occurs throughout management process
planning summary
- Planning abilities vary but can be increased with experience and practice
- Number of factors affect our ability to carry out plans including the situation, the task, and our personality
study: how do people plan for time and money?
- Plan more for the short run than long run
- Plan for use of time more than money
- Those with higher propensity to plan use props, e.g., calendars, maps, lists
- Those who like planning have positive associations with it such as competence and security
study: what’s the effect of grocery shopping lists?
- Ensure requirements
- Controls shopping process
- Controls expenditures
- Extras
study: why don’t people use grocery shopping lists?
- List in memory
- Use store offering to prompt
- No hassle to return if I forget something
- Choose specials
- Cannot be bothered
- No budget constraints
- Lists don’t work for me
emergency action plans
- Identify all possible disasters family might face & discuss where you’d go, what you’d need, etc.
- very few people are prepared once supplies are inaccessible
possessions to plan to bring with you in emergency
- Safety stash of food and water
- First aid kit, necessary medications
- Basic financial resources (cash, cheque book, credit cards)
- Documents (birth certificate, SIN card, insurance information in a waterproof, easily transported container)
plan
detailed schema, program, strategy, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of a desired end result
process
a system of operations that work together to produce an end result (implies movement or change)
need fulfillment and planning
If a plan is to succeed, individuals must perceive that the plan and its implementation will be useful and will satisfy some need or combination of needs
the paradox of planning
it can create stress and also relieve stress
task saturation
occurs when people (co-workers, family members, political campaign workers) are so busy doing things that they cannon plan or lead effectively (e.g. canceling meetings, showing up late, constantly complaining about paperwork)
expertise
- the ability to perform tasks successfully and dependably (it increases as the person acquires more knowledge, has more contact with experts, and develops memory and experience)
- As it often takes 10 years or more of practice to become an expert
standards
qualitative or quantitative criteria reconcile resources with demand and serve as measure of values and goals
scheduling
the specification of sets of sets of time bounded projected activities which are sufficient or the achievement of a desired goal set
(written plans, diaries, lists etc.)
directional plan
process along a linear path to long-term goal fulfillment
strategic plan
- use a directional approach and include both proactive search for new opportunities and a reactive solution to existing problems
- focuses attention on the initial stages of the decision-making process- the opportunities and occasions for choice and the design of new action strategies
7 habits of highly effective people
- Be proactive
- Begin with the end in mind
- Put first things first
- Think win–win
- Seek first to understand, then to be understood
- Synergize (produce a third alternative, which is not my way or your way, but a third way that is the best, a product of group thinking)
- Sharpen the saw (pulling all together, moving along to higher planes of learning, commitment, and activity)
proactive vs. reactive
- proactive: taking responsibility for your own life and decisions
- reactive: overly affected by outside forces, such as changes in the weather or a schedule (such as a canceled event) of the bad attitudes of co-workers
evaluating vs. assessing
- evaluating: judging or examining the cost, value, or worth of a plan or decision based on such criteria as standards, met demands, or goals
- Assessments: gathering of information about results, the comparison of those results with the results of the past, and the open discussion of the meaning of those results, the way they have been gathered, and their implications for the next moves of the family or individual
storyboarding
- a technique used by advertisers, movie screen writers, and television scriptwriters to show the main scenes in a commercial, movie, or television show.
- Can be used as a planning technique in other situations to show the consecutive steps that lead to desired outcomes
