Goals

Question 1

What is a SMART Goal?

Answer 1

• Specific (who, what, when, where, why)
• Measurable (true/false, yes/no, number)
• Attainable (can you really do it without losing motivation?)
• Relevant (does it line up with why you want to do it?)
• Time-bound (time limit)

Question 2

goals

Answer 2

• End results that require action; the purpose toward which much behaviour is directed
• Things people are trying to accomplish

Question 3

reasons people fail to reach goals

Answer 3

• Lack clear, specific goals
• Fail to monitor progress toward the goal
• Do not possess sufficient self-regulatory strength to maintain pursuit of goal when they encounter obstacles and distractions

Question 4

overcoming limits to self-regulatory strength

Answer 4

• Exhibit readiness to pursue the goal at this particular time
• Have self-efficacy or sense of confidence in ability to perform actions needed to lead to desired outcome
• Careful planning, implementing, automating of goal pursuit

Question 5

overcoming obstacles to goals

Answer 5

• Dividing large goals into smaller ones
• Set deadlines; monitor and evaluate meeting deadline for the goal
• Friend, family member discuss progress toward goal

Question 6

autonomy in personal goals

Answer 6

• What is autonomy?
• Is autonomy enough for achieving goals?
• Goals that are more autonomous and carefully planned result in success

Question 7

motivation

Answer 7

The vigor, drive, and persistence of movement toward goals or other desired outcomes

Question 8

motivational process

Answer 8

• Actual state -> desired state

- Tension creates a drive to reduce or eliminate the discrepancy or fulfill the need

Question 9

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (top down)

Answer 9

Self actualization -> esteem -> belongingness and love -> safety -> physiological needs

Question 10

McClelland’s 3 primary needs

Answer 10

• Need for achievement: Seek to get ahead, strive for success
• Need for affiliation: To make friends, join groups, associate with others
• Need for power: Obtain and exercise control over others

Question 11

effective extrinsic rewards are

Answer 11

• Specific
• Given immediately after a good work performance
• Valued by receiver
• Equitable

Question 12

interactive values-goals model

Answer 12

Identify goal desired -> values -> goal formation and commitment -> goal-seeking behaviors -> goal attainment, rejection, or reformulation

Question 13

habits

Answer 13

repetitive, often unconscious patterns of behaviour like brushing one’s teeth -> related to the goal of better oral health

Question 14

goal attributes - goals vary in…

Answer 14

• Intensity: commitment, how much goal is desired
• Complexity: interrelationships, how many goals are related to this goal
• Priority: how important the goal is and how attainable it is
• Resource use: how much the goal is going to cost (energy, money) and how many resources will be put into this goal vs. Other persuits)
• Timing: how long it will take to attain the goal

Question 15

goal categories/types of goals

Answer 15

• Time: short-term, intermediate, long-term
• Role: personal, professional, societal, or familial
• Type: primary or secondary
• Performance, creativity, and learning

Question 16

time goals

Answer 16

• Short-term: less than 3 months
• Intermediate: 3mo-1yr
• Long-term: 1year+

Question 17

primary vs. secondary goals

Answer 17

• primary: the main goal (Ex. get a degree)

- Secondary: smaller goals leading up to the primary goal (ex. get accepted into UBC, pass courses)

Question 18

performance, creativity, and learning goals

Answer 18

• Performance: emphasized outcomes or actions (ie. How fast you run)
• Creativity: wanting to do something unique and original
• Learning: emphasize gaining of competence such as understanding more vocabulary

Question 19

optimism and optimism bias

Answer 19

• Optimism: tendency or a disposition to expect the best outcome or to think hopefully about a situation
• Optimism bias: belief that things will get better (ex. When I graduate I will….)

Question 20

resilience

Answer 20

• ability to overcome obstacles and achieve positive outcome even after extreme difficulty
• Hallmarks: internal locus of control, high self esteem, intelligence, etc.

Question 21

need for achievement

Answer 21

• N ach factor

- People with high N ach will take moderate risks, NOT high risks

Question 22

goal disengagement

Answer 22

• letting goals go
• Types:
• Behavioural (switching to new activities)
• Affective (change in feelings)
• Motivational (changing motives, seeds of actions)

Question 23

expertise

Answer 23

characteristics, skills, and knowledge that distinguish experts from novices

Question 24

personal, professional, societal, or familial goals

Answer 24

• personal (ex. learn how to ski, learn French, etc.)
• professional (ex. get promotion, complete project)
• societal (ex. getting a job, getting married - goals that most of society has)
• familial (ex. caring for loved ones)