Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VET 410: Reproduction > Placental & Fetal Anatomy > Flashcards

Placental & Fetal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

embryo

A

prior to organ development

no species differentiation at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fetus

A

after organ development

species differentiation at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conceptus

A

all structures that develop from the zygote (embryonic and extra embryonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fetal membranes

A

extra embryonic tissues (amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac) and placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

placenta

A

temporary organ formed by fetal and maternal tissues

used for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between the lung, kidney, and gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stages of embryonic development

A
  1. fertilized zygotę undergoes mitosis to become a multicellular mass
  2. cells differentiate into inner cell mass and surrounding trophoblast cells
  3. endoderm layer begins to form inside the trophoblast layer to form the yolk sac
  4. mesoderm starts growing up and around the embryo and down to surround the yolk sac
  5. trophoblast and mesoderm fold upward to create the amniotic sac surrounding the embryo
  6. allantois grows down from primitive gum to provide vessels to vascularize membranes; yolk sac regresses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inner cell mass

A

becomes the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

trophoblast

A

becomes the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chorion

A

outer trophoblast + mesoderm membrane in contact with endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

amnion

A

inner trophoblast + mesoderm membrane surrounding the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

allantochorion

A

outer trophoblast + mesoderm + allantoic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diffuse placenta

A

exchange occurs across entire placental surface

horses, pigs, camelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cotyledonary placenta

A

exchange occurs at the fetal cotyledon to maternal caruncle junction

sheep, goats, cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

zonary placenta

A

exchange occurs at a single band around the placenta

dogs, cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

discoid placenta

A

exchange occurs at a single round surface on the placenta

humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epitheliochorial placenta

A

little to no invasion of maternal epithelium by trophoblasts

6 tissue layers exist between maternal/fetal blood supply (cap endothelium, connective tissue, trophoblast epithelium)

horses, pigs, camelids, ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

does antibody transfer occur in epitheliochorial placentas

A

No - neonates require colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

endotheliochorial placenta

A

erosion of maternal endometrial epithelium and connective tissue

4 tissue layers between maternal/fetal blood supply (all 3 fetal layers, only maternal cap endothelium)

dogs, cats

19
Q

hemochorial placenta

A

erosion of all 3 maternal tissue layers allowing direct contact of trophoblasts with maternal blood supply

3 tissue layers exist between maternal and fetal blood supply (all 3 fetal layers, no maternal layers)

humans, rodents

20
Q

does antibody transfer occur in endotheliochorial placentas

A

some - do not require colostrum

21
Q

does antibody transfer occur in hemochorial placentas

A

abundant transfer - no colostrum needed

22
Q

what placenta type do pigs have

A

diffuse and epitheliochorial

23
Q

what mechanism do pig placentas use to increase surface area

A

highly folded - chorionic villi and uterine crypts

24
Q

necrotic tips

A

loss of vascularization at the ends of the chorionic membrane leading to necrosis

prevents anastomosis of blood vessels between littermates

25
Q

what type of placenta do horses have

A

diffuse and epitheliochorial

26
Q

when does the chorioallantoic placenta form in horses

A

day 42 - until then, horses have a prominent yolk sac that acts as a placenta (choriovitelline)

27
Q

do horses expel the amniotic sac at parturition

A

yes

28
Q

yolk sac remnant

A

ball of remnant yolk sac that did not regress fully; comes out attached to the umbilical cord

29
Q

chorionic girdle trophoblast

A

specialized trophoblastic cells that are able to invade endometrium by entering between epithelial cells

form endometrial cups

30
Q

endometrial cups

A

colonies of large, binucleate trophoblast cells that form within the endometrium

secrete eCG & stimulate ovulation/luteinization of follicles to form secondary CL –> maintains progesterone secretion during transition to chorioallantoic placenta

slough off around day 110-120 to form allantoic pouches

31
Q

what are the avillous areas in the horse placenta

A

normal areas in the horse that do not contain chorionic villi and therefore do not participate in nutrient/waste exchange

  • cervical star
  • tip of uterine horn
  • areas opposite the endometrial cups
32
Q

microcotelydons

A

microscopic accumulations of microvilli that provide increased surface area

33
Q

what type of placenta do ruminants have

A

cotyledonary and epitheliochorial

34
Q

do ruminant placentas have necrotic tips

A

no - can get anastomosis between littermates (freemartins)

35
Q

trophoblast giant cells

A

binucleate trophoblasts that invade between epithelial cells and fuse together (no erosion)

secrete pregnancy specific proteins and placental lactogen

36
Q

what type of placenta do dogs have

A

zonary and endotheliochorial

37
Q

marginal hematoma

A

bands of hemorrhage from maternal vessels on the margins of the zonary placenta; site of abundant immune cells/phagocytosis

green colored due to heme breakdown products

38
Q

umbilical cord

A

connection between placenta and fetus

39
Q

what is in the umbilical cord in cows

A

2 umbilical arteries, 2 umbilical veins, urachus

40
Q

what is in the umbilical cord in horses

A

2 umbilical arteries, 1 umbilical vein, urachus

41
Q

urachus

A

connection from the fetal bladder that eliminates waste into the allantois

fetus swallows amniotic fluid –> passes through kidneys and into urachus –> allantoic fluid

located within the umbilical cord

42
Q

umbilical veins

A

carries oxygenated blood to the fetus

regresses to form the round ligament of the liver

43
Q

umbilical arteries

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the fetus

maintained as arteries in most species; it will regress in 50% of dogs to become the round ligament of the bladder

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions