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VET 410: Reproduction > Female Infertility > Flashcards

Female Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

infertility

A

inability to reproduce by natural means

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2
Q

subfertility

A

any form of reduced fertility with prolonged time without conception or lower than usual conception

can be smaller than expected litter size

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3
Q

anestrus

A

the interval of sexual inactivity between two periods of heat OR the lack/absence of the expression of estrus

normal in dogs
abnormal in cows

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4
Q

shortened cycle

A

return to estrus in a shorter than expected range for inter estrus interval

ex split heat

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5
Q

prolonged cycle

A

longer than expected inter estrus interval when conception has not been attempted

ex pyometra

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6
Q

anovulation

A

absence of ovulation during a reproductive cycle

follicles present, corpus luteum NOT present

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7
Q

how do you evaluate individual fertility

A

breeding soundness exam
- history
- general health exam
- reproductive exam

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8
Q

steps to evaluate fertility in a dog with a normal estrous cycle

A
  1. establish male fertility
  2. check for underlying diseases
  3. review breeding management, perform karyotype/genetics testing
  4. vaginal cytology
  5. assess progesterone 1-3 weeks after estrus
    - if LOW: ovulation failure or follicular cysts
    - if NORMAL: endometritis vs patent uterus/oviduct vs fetal resorption vs antisperm antibodies
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9
Q

steps to evaluate fertility in a dog with a prolonged proestrus/estrus (>21 days)

A
  1. cytology
  2. estradiol
    - if HIGH w/ 60%+ superficial cells: follicular cyst
  3. ultrasound
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10
Q

how to treat follicular cysts in dogs

A

FSH, GnRH, or surgical removal

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11
Q

steps to evaluate fertility in a dog with a shortened interestrus (<4 months)

A
  1. measure progesterone within 3-4 weeks of estrus
  2. did the dog ovulate?
    - NO: is the dog < or > 2 years?
    - YES: estrus is being suppressed; treat with progestogens, androgens, GnRH agonists
  3. if < 2 years –> split heat, will resolve on its own
  4. if > 2 years –> induce estrus
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12
Q

steps to evaluate fertility in a dog with a prolonged interestrus (>10 months)

A
  1. vaginal cytology
    - if silent heat –> breed next cycle
    - if no silent heat –> measure P4
  2. progesterone
    - if LOW: prolonged anestrus or OVH –> induce estrus
    - if NORMAL: prolonged diestrus –> rule out luteal cysts with US, treat with OVX
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13
Q

how to determine date of whelping

A

measure progesterone or LH levels 65 days after LH surge

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14
Q

when should you elect for a scheduled C section

A
  • brachycephalics
  • small litter size in medium/large breed dogs
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15
Q

dystocia

A

mild or intermittent labor contractions > 2 hours without progressing to hard labor (ex. puppy obstruction)
OR
hard, continuous contractions >30 minutes without the appearance of a puppy (ex. uterine inertia)

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16
Q

when is an emergency C section indicated

A

if cause of dystocia is unidentifiable or untreatable
OR
if puppy HR < 100 or <130 without delivery within 2-3 hours

17
Q

how do you evaluate herd fertility

A

epidemiological herd investigation

18
Q

epidemiological herd investigation

A

evaluation of nutrition/environment, herd and management data, relationship of health/genetics/nutrition/vax

19
Q

steps of an epidemiological herd investigation

A
  1. confirm low fertility
  2. obtain and assess data from health, nutrition, production, repro, and overall management
  3. find sufficient certainty about causes of infertility
    - if unable: generate a hypothesis about potential causes and predict findings if hypothesis is true, then return to number 2
  4. apply intervention to mitigate the issue
  5. monitor results
20
Q

what are the causes of infertility in females with normal cycles

A
  1. male infertility
  2. anatomic abnormalities
  3. reproductive tract disease
  4. breeding management
21
Q

what are examples of anatomic abnormalities that cause infertility

A

prevents successful copulation

  • abnormal genitalia (vulvar/perineal conformation)
  • vaginal strictures
  • vaginal septum
  • cervical laceration
22
Q

what are examples of reproductive tract diseases that cause infertility

A

endometritis
CEH
pyometra

23
Q

what are the causes of infertility in females with abnormal cycles

A
  1. malnutrition
  2. developmental intersex
  3. endocrine dysregulation
  4. neoplasia
  5. anabolic steroids
  6. anovulatory follicles
  7. persistent CL
24
Q

examples of how malnutrition causes infertility

A
  • lack of nutrition –> nutritional anestrus
  • excess BW – metabolic disorders
25
Q

what are common developmental intersex disorders in dogs, horses, and cows

A

dogs: XX SRY sex reversal
mares: XO syndrome
cows: freemartins

26
Q

what are common endocrine disorders that cause infertility in dogs and horses

A

dogs: hypothyroidism
horses: hyperadrenocoritcism

27
Q

what conditions cause a persistent CL in horses and cows

A

horses: diestrus ovulation, pregnancy loss, poor breeding management

cows: pyometra

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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