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VET 410: Reproduction > Male Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

fibroelastic penis

A

expands only in length

ruminants, pigs

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2
Q

musculocavernous penis

A

expands in length and width

primates, dogs, stallions

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3
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the penis

A
  • urethralis
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • cremaster
  • retractor penis muscle
  • crus penis
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4
Q

function of the urethralis muscle

A

surrounds the urethra and bulbourethral glands

aids in release of seminal fluid during ejaculation

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5
Q

function of the ischiocavernosus muscle

A

holds the base of the penis into the ischium

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6
Q

function of the bulbospongiosus muscle

A

contracts to expel remaining urine

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7
Q

function of the cremaster muscle

A

raises and lowers the testicles towards/away from the body for thermoregulation

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8
Q

function of the retractor penis muscle

A

extends/retracts the penis out of and into the sheath

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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9
Q

what kind of penis do dogs have

A

musculocavernous

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10
Q

pars longa glandis

A

erectile tissue surrounding the os penis, located distal to the bulbus glandis

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11
Q

bulbus glandis

A

erectile tissue surrounding the urethra (derived from corpus spongiosum)

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12
Q

os penis

A

U shaped bone within the penis

dogs and cats only
NOT in ruminants

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13
Q

corpus cavernosum

A

primary erectile tissue surrounding the ureter

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14
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

erectile tissue surrounding the urethra

keeps the urethra open during erection

NOT visible during normal mating

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15
Q

copulatory tie

A

mating position in dogs

initial intromission phase followed by engorgement of the bulbus glandis (“locks” the penis inside the female), then male steps over so the dogs are back to back

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16
Q

urethral process

A

distal end of the urethra

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17
Q

fossa glandis

A

diverticulum surrounding the urethral process

site of smegma accumulation

present in horses

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18
Q

corona glandis

A

most distal portion of the glans penis

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19
Q

corpus spongiosum glandis

A

extension of the corpus spongioisum into the corona glandis

only present in horses

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20
Q

belling/flowering

A

engorgement of the corpus spongiosum glandis at the end of ejaculation

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21
Q

what unique feature of the penis do cats have

A

testosterone sensitive spikes

ONLY present in un-neutered males (require androgens)

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22
Q

what vessel supplies the penis

A

internal pudendal artery

horses: internal pudendal, external pudendal, obturator

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23
Q

what vessel supplies the scrotum and prepuce

A

external pudendal artery

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24
Q

what vessel supplies the testicle, epididymis, and ductus deferens

A

testicular artery

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25
Q

tunica albuginea

A

thick, white connective tissue capsule surrounding the erectile tissue of the penis

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26
Q

what vessel brings blood into/out of the corpus cavernosum

A

deep artery/vein of the penis

27
Q

venous lacunae

A

allows blood to accumulate in the penis

28
Q

helicine arteries

A

prevents blood from flowing out of the penis during erection

branches from the internal pudendal artery

29
Q

erection

A

engorgement of the corpus cavernosum of the penis with blood

30
Q

what part of the ANS mediates erection

A

parasympathetic

31
Q

steps of erection

A
  1. arousal increases blood flow to the pudendal arteries
  2. blood gets shunted into the corpus cavernosum via the deep artery of the penis
  3. contracted helicine arteries allow for blood to enter the CC; will then relax to straighten and prevent outflow
  4. cavernous tissues compress against the ischium of the pelvis to block venous outflow, leading to tumescence
  5. intracorporeal pressure increases due to sustained engorgement leading to axial rigidity

erection is maintained by balance between inflow and outflow

32
Q

what causes relaxation of helicine arteries

A

nitric oxide

NANC parasympathetic neurons of the penis release NO –> NO converts GTP to cyclic GMP –> induces relaxation of helicine arteries

phosphodiesterase will convert cyclic GMP back into GTP when erection subsides

33
Q

tumescence

A

an overall increase in length and circumference (musculocavernous) or increase in length only (fibroelastic)

34
Q

emission

A

spinal cord reflex resulting in deposition of seminal fluid into the pelvic urethra

35
Q

what part of the ANS mediates emission

A

sympathetic

initiated by smooth muscle contraction of accessory glands, epididymis, and ductus deferens

filling of urethra initiates ejaculation

36
Q

ejaculation

A

spinal cord reflex of peristaltic waves of muscle contraction around pelvic and penile urethra to eject seminal fluid

37
Q

what part of the ANS mediates ejaculation

A

sympathetic

fluid in the posterior urethra stimulates closure of the neck of the bladder and initiates peristaltic waves

38
Q

detumescence

A

decrease in NO results in decreased cyclic GMP and conversion back to GTP by PDEs

results in blood shunting to stop –> allows venous outflow to exceed inflow

smooth muscle in trabecular of CC contract to push blood out –> erection subsides

39
Q

scrotum

A

protective layer for the testicles outside of the body

40
Q

function of the scrotum

A

maintains spermatogenic temperature at 2-3 degrees lower than body temperature

also used for testicular mobility and protection

contains sweat glands for thermoregulation

41
Q

parietal tunica vaginalis

A

outer tunic layer surrounding the testes

derived from parietal peritoneum

42
Q

visceral tunica vaginalis

A

inner tunic layer surrounding the testes

derived from visceral peritoneum

43
Q

tunica dartos

A

smooth muscle that “wrinkles” the scrotum the push the testicles closer to the body wall

important for thermoregulation

44
Q

proper ligament of the testes

A

attaches the tail of the epididymis to the testes

45
Q

ligament of the tail of the epididymis

A

attaches the testis and epididymis to the parietal tunic

46
Q

scrotal ligament

A

attaches the testes to the scrotum

47
Q

fetal gubernaculum

A

prenatal structure that directs testicle descent through inguinal canal

becomes the 3 ligaments of the testes (proper, lig of the tail of epididymis, and scrotal)

48
Q

spermatic cord

A

contains the ductus deferens, testicular artery/vein, and nerve supply to the testes

site of castration and common site of torsion

has a vascular fold (contains testicular a/v) and deferential fold (contains ductus deferens)

49
Q

cremaster muscle

A

skeletal muscle bundle that extends from the internal abdominal obliques and inserts on the parietal tunica vaginalis to raise and lower the testes for thermoregulation

50
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

artery/vein complex located dorsal to the testes

site of countercurrent heat exchange for thermoregulation

51
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

thermoregulatory mechanism to cool the testicles

veins of the pampiniform plexus surround the testicular artery in the spermatic cord - allows cool blood from testes to pass by warm blood from body for heat exchange

52
Q

testicle

A

produces testosterone and sperm; located extra-abdominally within the scrotum

53
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from diploid germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

54
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

looped tubule where sperm production occurs in both directions

occurs basal to luminal with sperm getting released into the rete testes

55
Q

germ cells

A

progenitor cells that become sperm

resides in the basal aspect of the seminiferous tubules

56
Q

Sertoli cells

A

supportive cells whose cytoplasm comprises the majority of the seminiferous tubules

57
Q

epididymis

A

transports sperm from testicle to the urethra during ejaculation (stores 60% of sperm)

site of sperm maturation (takes 10-14 days to reach ductus deferens)

head, body, tail

58
Q

ductus deferens

A

primary pre-ejaculatory site of sperm storage

sperm travels from seminiferous tubules –> rete testes –> epididymis –> ductus deferens

59
Q

blood testis barrier

A

keeps haploid sperm away from the blood supply to prevent immune detection

formed by 3 compartments (interstitial, basal, adluminal)

60
Q

interstitial compartment

A

externally surrounds the seminiferous tubules

contains Leydig cells and the blood supply to the testes

61
Q

Leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

separated from the basal/adluminal compartments by a basement membrane and sertoli cells

62
Q

basal compartment

A

contains the basal portion of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and diploid spermatocytes

63
Q

adluminal compartment

A

innermost layer; contains luminal portion of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes, spermatids, and haploid spermatozoa

64
Q

accessory sex glands

A

primary contribution to ejaculatory fluid (semen)

varies by species

  • prostate gland (1)
  • bulbourethral glands (2)
  • ampullae (2)
  • vesicular glands (2)

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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