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VET 410: Reproduction > Male Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

fibroelastic penis

A

expands only in length

ruminants, pigs

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2
Q

musculocavernous penis

A

expands in length and width

primates, dogs, stallions

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3
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the penis

A
  • urethralis
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • cremaster
  • retractor penis muscle
  • crus penis
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4
Q

function of the urethralis muscle

A

surrounds the urethra and bulbourethral glands

aids in release of seminal fluid during ejaculation

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5
Q

function of the ischiocavernosus muscle

A

holds the base of the penis into the ischium

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6
Q

function of the bulbospongiosus muscle

A

contracts to expel remaining urine

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7
Q

function of the cremaster muscle

A

raises and lowers the testicles towards/away from the body for thermoregulation

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8
Q

function of the retractor penis muscle

A

extends/retracts the penis out of and into the sheath

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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9
Q

what kind of penis do dogs have

A

musculocavernous

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10
Q

pars longa glandis

A

erectile tissue surrounding the os penis, located distal to the bulbus glandis

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11
Q

bulbus glandis

A

erectile tissue surrounding the urethra (derived from corpus spongiosum)

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12
Q

os penis

A

U shaped bone within the penis

dogs and cats only
NOT in ruminants

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13
Q

corpus cavernosum

A

primary erectile tissue surrounding the ureter

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14
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

erectile tissue surrounding the urethra

keeps the urethra open during erection

NOT visible during normal mating

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15
Q

copulatory tie

A

mating position in dogs

initial intromission phase followed by engorgement of the bulbus glandis (“locks” the penis inside the female), then male steps over so the dogs are back to back

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16
Q

urethral process

A

distal end of the urethra

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17
Q

fossa glandis

A

diverticulum surrounding the urethral process

site of smegma accumulation

present in horses

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18
Q

corona glandis

A

most distal portion of the glans penis

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19
Q

corpus spongiosum glandis

A

extension of the corpus spongioisum into the corona glandis

only present in horses

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20
Q

belling/flowering

A

engorgement of the corpus spongiosum glandis at the end of ejaculation

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21
Q

what unique feature of the penis do cats have

A

testosterone sensitive spikes

ONLY present in un-neutered males (require androgens)

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22
Q

what vessel supplies the penis

A

internal pudendal artery

horses: internal pudendal, external pudendal, obturator

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23
Q

what vessel supplies the scrotum and prepuce

A

external pudendal artery

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24
Q

what vessel supplies the testicle, epididymis, and ductus deferens

A

testicular artery

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25
tunica albuginea
thick, white connective tissue capsule surrounding the erectile tissue of the penis
26
what vessel brings blood into/out of the corpus cavernosum
deep artery/vein of the penis
27
venous lacunae
allows blood to accumulate in the penis
28
helicine arteries
prevents blood from flowing out of the penis during erection branches from the internal pudendal artery
29
erection
engorgement of the corpus cavernosum of the penis with blood
30
what part of the ANS mediates erection
parasympathetic
31
steps of erection
1. arousal increases blood flow to the pudendal arteries 2. blood gets shunted into the corpus cavernosum via the deep artery of the penis 3. contracted helicine arteries allow for blood to enter the CC; will then relax to straighten and prevent outflow 4. cavernous tissues compress against the ischium of the pelvis to block venous outflow, leading to tumescence 5. intracorporeal pressure increases due to sustained engorgement leading to axial rigidity erection is maintained by balance between inflow and outflow
32
what causes relaxation of helicine arteries
nitric oxide NANC parasympathetic neurons of the penis release NO --> NO converts GTP to cyclic GMP --> induces relaxation of helicine arteries phosphodiesterase will convert cyclic GMP back into GTP when erection subsides
33
tumescence
an overall increase in length and circumference (musculocavernous) or increase in length only (fibroelastic)
34
emission
spinal cord reflex resulting in deposition of seminal fluid into the pelvic urethra
35
what part of the ANS mediates emission
sympathetic initiated by smooth muscle contraction of accessory glands, epididymis, and ductus deferens filling of urethra initiates ejaculation
36
ejaculation
spinal cord reflex of peristaltic waves of muscle contraction around pelvic and penile urethra to eject seminal fluid
37
what part of the ANS mediates ejaculation
sympathetic fluid in the posterior urethra stimulates closure of the neck of the bladder and initiates peristaltic waves
38
detumescence
decrease in NO results in decreased cyclic GMP and conversion back to GTP by PDEs results in blood shunting to stop --> allows venous outflow to exceed inflow smooth muscle in trabecular of CC contract to push blood out --> erection subsides
39
scrotum
protective layer for the testicles outside of the body
40
function of the scrotum
maintains spermatogenic temperature at 2-3 degrees lower than body temperature also used for testicular mobility and protection contains sweat glands for thermoregulation
41
parietal tunica vaginalis
outer tunic layer surrounding the testes derived from parietal peritoneum
42
visceral tunica vaginalis
inner tunic layer surrounding the testes derived from visceral peritoneum
43
tunica dartos
smooth muscle that "wrinkles" the scrotum the push the testicles closer to the body wall important for thermoregulation
44
proper ligament of the testes
attaches the tail of the epididymis to the testes
45
ligament of the tail of the epididymis
attaches the testis and epididymis to the parietal tunic
46
scrotal ligament
attaches the testes to the scrotum
47
fetal gubernaculum
prenatal structure that directs testicle descent through inguinal canal becomes the 3 ligaments of the testes (proper, lig of the tail of epididymis, and scrotal)
48
spermatic cord
contains the ductus deferens, testicular artery/vein, and nerve supply to the testes site of castration and common site of torsion has a vascular fold (contains testicular a/v) and deferential fold (contains ductus deferens)
49
cremaster muscle
skeletal muscle bundle that extends from the internal abdominal obliques and inserts on the parietal tunica vaginalis to raise and lower the testes for thermoregulation
50
pampiniform plexus
artery/vein complex located dorsal to the testes site of countercurrent heat exchange for thermoregulation
51
countercurrent heat exchange
thermoregulatory mechanism to cool the testicles veins of the pampiniform plexus surround the testicular artery in the spermatic cord - allows cool blood from testes to pass by warm blood from body for heat exchange
52
testicle
produces testosterone and sperm; located extra-abdominally within the scrotum
53
spermatogenesis
process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from diploid germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis
54
seminiferous tubules
looped tubule where sperm production occurs in both directions occurs basal to luminal with sperm getting released into the rete testes
55
germ cells
progenitor cells that become sperm resides in the basal aspect of the seminiferous tubules
56
Sertoli cells
supportive cells whose cytoplasm comprises the majority of the seminiferous tubules
57
epididymis
transports sperm from testicle to the urethra during ejaculation (stores 60% of sperm) site of sperm maturation (takes 10-14 days to reach ductus deferens) head, body, tail
58
ductus deferens
primary pre-ejaculatory site of sperm storage sperm travels from seminiferous tubules --> rete testes --> epididymis --> ductus deferens
59
blood testis barrier
keeps haploid sperm away from the blood supply to prevent immune detection formed by 3 compartments (interstitial, basal, adluminal)
60
interstitial compartment
externally surrounds the seminiferous tubules contains Leydig cells and the blood supply to the testes
61
Leydig cells
secrete testosterone separated from the basal/adluminal compartments by a basement membrane and sertoli cells
62
basal compartment
contains the basal portion of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and diploid spermatocytes
63
adluminal compartment
innermost layer; contains luminal portion of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes, spermatids, and haploid spermatozoa
64
accessory sex glands
primary contribution to ejaculatory fluid (semen) varies by species - prostate gland (1) - bulbourethral glands (2) - ampullae (2) - vesicular glands (2)

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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