Overview of Reproduction

Question 1

theriogenology

Answer 1

branch of vet med that deals with reproduction

Question 2

fertility

Answer 2

the natural capacity to produce offspring

Question 3

fertility rate

Answer 3

the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population

can be measured as pregnancies per repro cycle or per attempts

Question 4

infertility

Answer 4

a lack of or failure to establish fertility

Question 5

fecundity

Answer 5

the ability to produce an abundance of offspring per unit time

actual reproductive rate and survival of young

Question 6

sterility

Answer 6

lack of fecundity/fertility; failure to cause conception or conceive and carry offspring

indicates failure to produce gametes

Question 7

what are the gonads in males and what is their function

Answer 7

testes

produce hormones (androgens) and make sperm

Question 8

what are the gonads in females and what is their function

Answer 8

ovaries

produce hormones (estrogens, progesterone), make eggs, and pregnancy

Question 9

what is the function of sexual reproduction

Answer 9

provide genetic diversity via chromosome rearrangements

essential for species survival and gene contribution

Question 10

reproductive cyclicity

Answer 10

the repeating sequence of hormonal and behavioral events that allows mating and pregnancy to progress

highly species specific

Question 11

reproductive cycles in males

Answer 11

seasonal, nonseasonal, semi-seasonal

Question 12

reproductive cycles in females

Answer 12

seasonal, nonseasonal
monestrus, polyestrus
spontaneous ovulation, induced ovulation

Question 13

what phase of female cycle is estrogen associated with

Answer 13

follicular phase - maturation and growth of follicles

Question 14

what phase of female cycle is progesterone associated with

Answer 14

luteal phase - diestrus

Question 15

bovine reproductive cycle

Answer 15

polyestrous (year round), 21 day cycle

luteal phase: day 0-18
follicular phase: day 18-21

Question 16

proestrus

Answer 16

period before complete sexual receptivity

NOT yet in standing estrus

estrogen dominant

Question 17

estrus

Answer 17

period of standing estrus (stands to be mounted)

estrogen dominant

Question 18

metestrus

Answer 18

short, post-ovulation interval

progesterone dominant

Question 19

diestrus

Answer 19

inter-estrus period

does NOT stand to be mounted

progesterone dominant

Question 20

anestrus

Answer 20

no cyclicality, estrous behavior, or ovulation

Question 21

estrous cycle

Answer 21

controls and coordinates ovulation and male exposure

species specific (poly, seasonally poly long/short day, mono)

Question 22

how do you determine when an animal is in heat (estrus)

Answer 22

clinical procedure - transrectal palpation, ultrasound, hormone measurement, vaginal cytology

behavioral signs

Question 23

estrus of a non-pregnant mare

Answer 23

soft/relaxed uterus
edematous endometrium
large dominant follicle

teases IN when presented to stallion

Question 24

diestrus of a non-pregnant mare

Answer 24

firm/toned uterus
no edema
various sized follicles

teases OUT when presented to stallion

Question 25

anestrus of a non-pregnant mare

Answer 25

teases passive to stallion

Question 26

estrus of a non-pregnant cow

Answer 26

firm/toned uterus edematous endometrium large pre-ovulatory follicles mounts other cows, stands to be ridden by other cows

Question 27

metestrus of a non-pregnant cow

Answer 27

1-3 days post estrus (after ovulation) -- too late for successful breeding bloody, mucoid discharge from estrogenized uterine vessels

Question 28

diestrus of a non-pregnant cow

Answer 28

soft/relaxed uterus active (palpable) corpus luteum small follicles