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VET 410: Reproduction > Pathology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pathology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the portals of entry for uterine/placental pathology

A
  1. ascending - HORSES
  2. hematogenous - RUMINANTS
  3. direct injury
  4. trans-neural
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2
Q

what are the stages of failure of pregnancy

A
  • early embryonic death
  • fetal loss (abortion)
  • stillbirth
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3
Q

what are the possible outcomes to abortive disease

A
  1. embryonic death w/ normal return to estrus
  2. embryonic death w/ delayed return to estrus
  3. fetal loss w/o autolysis
  4. fetal loss w/ autolysis
  5. mummification
  6. maceration
  7. stillbirth
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4
Q

mummification

A

fetus is retained and progressively dehydrates; becomes a firm, dry, discolored mass with leathery skin

infectious OR noninfectious causes
- NO bacterial autolysis

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5
Q

maceration

A

fetus becomes liquified

infectious (bacteria) causes ONLY
- concurrent endometritis/metritis

if bacteria is gas producing - will cause emphysema

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6
Q

are sporadic or outbreaks of abortion more easily diagnosed

A

outbreaks - majority can be diagnosed

sporadic outbreaks are only diagnosed 50% of the time

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7
Q

what are common NONINFECTIOUS causes of abortion in horses

A
  1. twinning
  2. umbilical torsion
  3. funisitis
  4. endometrial fibrosis/placental insufficiency
  5. premature separation
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8
Q

why are horses unable to sustain twins

A

chorionic villi do not develop over the area of contact between the two placentas

reduced surface area for nutrient/gas exchange leads to placental insufficiency

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9
Q

why are horses prone to umbilical torsion

A

long umbilical cords - will cause occlusion of umbilical vessels and urachus

leads to thrombosis, aneurysms of umbilical vessels, and local hemorrhage

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10
Q

funisitis in horses

A

inflammation of the umbilical cord

caused by the setae of processionally caterpillars

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11
Q

what are the causes and outcomes of endometrial fibrosis in horses

A

caused by previous endometritis

reduces the surface area of the endometrium available for nutrient/gas exchange

leads to placental insufficiency

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12
Q

what are common NONINFECTIOUS causes of abortion in ruminants

A
  1. veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage) ingestion
  2. hydramnios and hydroallantois
  3. iodine deficiency
  4. pine needle abortion
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13
Q

veratrum californicum toxicity

A

ingestion of skunk cabbage at day 14 of gestation results in prolonged gestation, fetal cylopia, and absent pituitary

occurs in sheep

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14
Q

what species does hydramnios and hydroallantois occur in

A

cows

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15
Q

hydramnios

A

excess fluid accumluation in amniotic sac caused by impaired fetal swallowing (can’t remove fluid)

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16
Q

hydroallantois

A

excess fluid accumulation in the allantois caused by excessive urination leading to build up in allantois

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17
Q

outcome of iodine deficiency during gestation

A

congenital goiter

causes prolonged gestation and dystocia

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18
Q

pine needle abortion

A

ingestion of Ponderosa pine needles leads to reduced uterine blood flow from isocupressic acid

causes late abortion or premature calving and retained placentas

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19
Q

what is a common lesion of herpesvirus infections

A

multiple pale/white foci of necrosis on the fetal liver

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20
Q

what is a common lesion of pestivirus infections

A

lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in fetal heart and brain

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21
Q

what are common protozoa that cause abortive disease

A

toxoplasma gondii
neospora caninum

22
Q

lesions associated with equine herpesvirus-1

A

affects respiratory epithelium –> transport to uterus –> thrombosis, edema, hemorrhage, and infarction

leads to placentitis, focal necrosis of the fetal liver, pulmonary edema, and fibrin casts in the trachea

23
Q

what are common bacterial pathogens in horses

A

streptococcus equi. zoo.
E. coli

ascending infection from cervical star

leads to placental insufficiency, edema, and fibrinonectrotic exudate of the placenta

24
Q

neospora caninum

A

major protozoal cause of abortion in cows

lesion: pale areas of inflammation on the heart, fetal mummification

25
Q

what are the main targets of neospora caninum

A

brain, skeletal muscle, heart

26
Q

tritrichomonas foetus

A

cause of early embryonic death in ruminants

lesion: placental edema, mild lymphocytic inflammation, MNGCs

leads to endometritis and pyometra

27
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

major cause of abortion in sheep and goats

lesion: white foci of necrosis on cotyledons +/- edema in intercotyledonary space

28
Q

brucella abortus

A

ZOONOTIC

present in all species

lesion: placentitis w/ thickening and edema of the intercotyledonary space
- fibrinonecrotic coating
- cupping of cotyledon

29
Q

leptospirosis

A

lesion: fetal autolysis and placental edema
- fetal interstitial nephritis and necrotizing hepatitis

common in cattle

30
Q

foothill abortion

A

epizootic bovine abortion (EBA)

bacteria: pajaroellobacter abortibovis
vector: ornithodoros coriaceous ticks

lesion: petechiae of fetal conjunctiva, nodular hepatomegaly, ascites, fibrinous peritonitis

common in beef cattl

31
Q

ureaplasma diversum

A

lesion: amnionitis - HIGHLY SPECIFIC
- focal or diffuse reddening of the amnion and chorioallantois

common in cattle

32
Q

campylobacteriosis

A

causes early embryonic death

lesion: thickening/edema of intercotyledonary space, necrosis and cupping of cotyledons, MNGCs

33
Q

chlamydia abortus

A

enzootic abortion of ewes

common in sheep

lesions: fibrinous placentitis and hepatitis

34
Q

campylobacter fetus/jejuni

A

resides in the intestines of sheep

lesions: placentitis w/ edema of intercotyledonary space, necrosis and cupping of cotyledons, yellow foci with red centers on fetal liver (multifocal necrotizing hepatitis)

35
Q

listeriosis

A

reproductive and CNS signs

lesions: severe diffuse necrotizing and suppurative placentitis
- yellow or white foci of necrosis on the liver

36
Q

coxiella burnetti

A

ZOONOTIC - Q fever

lesion: thick, leathery, yellow, exudative placenta; red, inflamed cotyledons

37
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1

A

sporadic abortion in cattle

lesion: fetal autolysis from rapid death
- multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage of the liver

similar lesions as other herpesviruses

38
Q

border disease virus (BDV)

A

fetal resorption or CNS signs in small ruminants

lesions: fetal CNS - hydranencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia

39
Q

aspergillus or zygomycetes

A

fungal infections - cause significant abortion in cattle

hematogenous spread to placenta

lesion: chronic necrotizing placentitis
- enlarged, brown, friable cotyledons
- leathery, brown intercotyledonary space

SPECIFC LESION: fetal dermatitis (small white plaques, thickened, leathery skin)

40
Q

PRRS virus

A

porcine reproductive and respiratory virus

causes late stage abortion

41
Q

porcine parvovirus

A

causes early embryonic death or fetal loss with mummification

littermates can all die at different stages

42
Q

what bacteria commonly affect pigs

A

Brucella suis
Leptospira

43
Q

canine herpesvirus-1

A

causes death of puppies up to 8 weeks old; can cause abortion

lesions: similar to other herpesviruses
- also causes respiratory infection and petechiae in kidneys

44
Q

brucella canis

A

ZOONOTIC

lesion: placentitis, fetal endocarditis, pneumonia, hepatitis

45
Q

what are non-lesions of the placenta

A
  • amniotic plaques
  • hippomanes
  • yolk sac remnants
  • adventitial placentation
46
Q

what are three common zoonotic abortive pathogens

A
  • brucella
  • leptospira
  • coxiella (Q fever)
47
Q

what are the three sources of failure of pregnancy

A
  1. placental
  2. fetal
  3. maternal
48
Q

what are the ideal samples for testing cases of bovine abortion

A
  1. fetus
  2. placenta
  3. dam serum (controls and cases)
49
Q

what are the two patterns of fetal infection

A
  1. placenta –> amniotic fluid
  2. placenta –> umbilical vein
50
Q

what are the affected organs when infection travels from placenta –> amniotic fluid

A

fetal skin, GI, and lung

51
Q

what are the affected organs when infection travels from placenta –> umbilical vein

A

fetal liver, lung, kidney, heart

52
Q

what are the patterns of equine placentitis based off of route of infection

A
  1. ascending: affects cervical star
  2. hematogenous (bacterial): diffuse area affected
  3. crossiella equi: regional area affected

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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