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VET 410: Reproduction > Pathology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pathology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the portals of entry for uterine/placental pathology

A
  1. ascending - HORSES
  2. hematogenous - RUMINANTS
  3. direct injury
  4. trans-neural
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2
Q

what are the stages of failure of pregnancy

A
  • early embryonic death
  • fetal loss (abortion)
  • stillbirth
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3
Q

what are the possible outcomes to abortive disease

A
  1. embryonic death w/ normal return to estrus
  2. embryonic death w/ delayed return to estrus
  3. fetal loss w/o autolysis
  4. fetal loss w/ autolysis
  5. mummification
  6. maceration
  7. stillbirth
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4
Q

mummification

A

fetus is retained and progressively dehydrates; becomes a firm, dry, discolored mass with leathery skin

infectious OR noninfectious causes
- NO bacterial autolysis

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5
Q

maceration

A

fetus becomes liquified

infectious (bacteria) causes ONLY
- concurrent endometritis/metritis

if bacteria is gas producing - will cause emphysema

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6
Q

are sporadic or outbreaks of abortion more easily diagnosed

A

outbreaks - majority can be diagnosed

sporadic outbreaks are only diagnosed 50% of the time

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7
Q

what are common NONINFECTIOUS causes of abortion in horses

A
  1. twinning
  2. umbilical torsion
  3. funisitis
  4. endometrial fibrosis/placental insufficiency
  5. premature separation
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8
Q

why are horses unable to sustain twins

A

chorionic villi do not develop over the area of contact between the two placentas

reduced surface area for nutrient/gas exchange leads to placental insufficiency

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9
Q

why are horses prone to umbilical torsion

A

long umbilical cords - will cause occlusion of umbilical vessels and urachus

leads to thrombosis, aneurysms of umbilical vessels, and local hemorrhage

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10
Q

funisitis in horses

A

inflammation of the umbilical cord

caused by the setae of processionally caterpillars

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11
Q

what are the causes and outcomes of endometrial fibrosis in horses

A

caused by previous endometritis

reduces the surface area of the endometrium available for nutrient/gas exchange

leads to placental insufficiency

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12
Q

what are common NONINFECTIOUS causes of abortion in ruminants

A
  1. veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage) ingestion
  2. hydramnios and hydroallantois
  3. iodine deficiency
  4. pine needle abortion
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13
Q

veratrum californicum toxicity

A

ingestion of skunk cabbage at day 14 of gestation results in prolonged gestation, fetal cylopia, and absent pituitary

occurs in sheep

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14
Q

what species does hydramnios and hydroallantois occur in

A

cows

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15
Q

hydramnios

A

excess fluid accumluation in amniotic sac caused by impaired fetal swallowing (can’t remove fluid)

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16
Q

hydroallantois

A

excess fluid accumulation in the allantois caused by excessive urination leading to build up in allantois

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17
Q

outcome of iodine deficiency during gestation

A

congenital goiter

causes prolonged gestation and dystocia

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18
Q

pine needle abortion

A

ingestion of Ponderosa pine needles leads to reduced uterine blood flow from isocupressic acid

causes late abortion or premature calving and retained placentas

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19
Q

what is a common lesion of herpesvirus infections

A

multiple pale/white foci of necrosis on the fetal liver

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20
Q

what is a common lesion of pestivirus infections

A

lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in fetal heart and brain

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21
Q

what are common protozoa that cause abortive disease

A

toxoplasma gondii
neospora caninum

22
Q

lesions associated with equine herpesvirus-1

A

affects respiratory epithelium –> transport to uterus –> thrombosis, edema, hemorrhage, and infarction

leads to placentitis, focal necrosis of the fetal liver, pulmonary edema, and fibrin casts in the trachea

23
Q

what are common bacterial pathogens in horses

A

streptococcus equi. zoo.
E. coli

ascending infection from cervical star

leads to placental insufficiency, edema, and fibrinonectrotic exudate of the placenta

24
Q

neospora caninum

A

major protozoal cause of abortion in cows

lesion: pale areas of inflammation on the heart, fetal mummification

25
what are the main targets of neospora caninum
brain, skeletal muscle, heart
26
tritrichomonas foetus
cause of early embryonic death in ruminants lesion: placental edema, mild lymphocytic inflammation, MNGCs leads to endometritis and pyometra
27
toxoplasma gondii
major cause of abortion in sheep and goats lesion: white foci of necrosis on cotyledons +/- edema in intercotyledonary space
28
brucella abortus
ZOONOTIC present in all species lesion: placentitis w/ thickening and edema of the intercotyledonary space - fibrinonecrotic coating - cupping of cotyledon
29
leptospirosis
lesion: fetal autolysis and placental edema - fetal interstitial nephritis and necrotizing hepatitis common in cattle
30
foothill abortion
epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) bacteria: pajaroellobacter abortibovis vector: ornithodoros coriaceous ticks lesion: petechiae of fetal conjunctiva, nodular hepatomegaly, ascites, fibrinous peritonitis common in beef cattl
31
ureaplasma diversum
lesion: amnionitis - HIGHLY SPECIFIC - focal or diffuse reddening of the amnion and chorioallantois common in cattle
32
campylobacteriosis
causes early embryonic death lesion: thickening/edema of intercotyledonary space, necrosis and cupping of cotyledons, MNGCs
33
chlamydia abortus
enzootic abortion of ewes common in sheep lesions: fibrinous placentitis and hepatitis
34
campylobacter fetus/jejuni
resides in the intestines of sheep lesions: placentitis w/ edema of intercotyledonary space, necrosis and cupping of cotyledons, yellow foci with red centers on fetal liver (multifocal necrotizing hepatitis)
35
listeriosis
reproductive and CNS signs lesions: severe diffuse necrotizing and suppurative placentitis - yellow or white foci of necrosis on the liver
36
coxiella burnetti
ZOONOTIC - Q fever lesion: thick, leathery, yellow, exudative placenta; red, inflamed cotyledons
37
bovine herpesvirus-1
sporadic abortion in cattle lesion: fetal autolysis from rapid death - multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage of the liver similar lesions as other herpesviruses
38
border disease virus (BDV)
fetal resorption or CNS signs in small ruminants lesions: fetal CNS - hydranencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia
39
aspergillus or zygomycetes
fungal infections - cause significant abortion in cattle hematogenous spread to placenta lesion: chronic necrotizing placentitis - enlarged, brown, friable cotyledons - leathery, brown intercotyledonary space SPECIFC LESION: fetal dermatitis (small white plaques, thickened, leathery skin)
40
PRRS virus
porcine reproductive and respiratory virus causes late stage abortion
41
porcine parvovirus
causes early embryonic death or fetal loss with mummification littermates can all die at different stages
42
what bacteria commonly affect pigs
Brucella suis Leptospira
43
canine herpesvirus-1
causes death of puppies up to 8 weeks old; can cause abortion lesions: similar to other herpesviruses - also causes respiratory infection and petechiae in kidneys
44
brucella canis
ZOONOTIC lesion: placentitis, fetal endocarditis, pneumonia, hepatitis
45
what are non-lesions of the placenta
- amniotic plaques - hippomanes - yolk sac remnants - adventitial placentation
46
what are three common zoonotic abortive pathogens
- brucella - leptospira - coxiella (Q fever)
47
what are the three sources of failure of pregnancy
1. placental 2. fetal 3. maternal
48
what are the ideal samples for testing cases of bovine abortion
1. fetus 2. placenta 3. dam serum (controls and cases)
49
what are the two patterns of fetal infection
1. placenta --> amniotic fluid 2. placenta --> umbilical vein
50
what are the affected organs when infection travels from placenta --> amniotic fluid
fetal skin, GI, and lung
51
what are the affected organs when infection travels from placenta --> umbilical vein
fetal liver, lung, kidney, heart
52
what are the patterns of equine placentitis based off of route of infection
1. ascending: affects cervical star 2. hematogenous (bacterial): diffuse area affected 3. crossiella equi: regional area affected

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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