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VET 410: Reproduction > Male Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

portals of entry for pathology

A
  1. direct contact
  2. ascending infection
  3. hematogenous localization (most common)
  4. peritoneal spread
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2
Q

are more reproductive tract protective mechanisms innate or adaptive

A

innate - fast acting, non-specific

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3
Q

what are the 5 defense mechanisms of the reproductive tract

A
  1. tubular and interstitial fluid content
  2. epithelial cell barrier
  3. flushing/movement
  4. cremaster muscle
  5. convoluted testicular artery
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4
Q

what are the main responses to injury of the reproductive tract

A

inflammation (swelling, heat, pain, redness, loss of function)

repair (fibrosis and resolution)

leads to spermatic granulomas

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5
Q

how does inflammation lead to spermatic granulomas

A

inflammation damages the testicular blood barrier (Sertoli cell junctions) causing haploid sperm to be exposed to blood

immune response to haploid sperm is to form a granuloma to attack the sperm

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6
Q

what are the categories of reproductive pathology

A
  1. non-infectious (developmental vs acquired)
  2. infectious
  3. neoplastic
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7
Q

testicular hypoplasia

A

developmental disorder resulting in smaller than normal testes for the age of the animal

hypoplastic tubules lined only by sertoli cells

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8
Q

cryptorchidism

A

incomplete descent of the testes into the scrotum
- unilateral
- genetic
- reduced spermatogenesis
- predisposed to neoplasia

hypoplastic tubules lined only by Sertoli cells + fibrosis

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9
Q

segmental aplasia of the mesonephric duct

A

aplasia of the epididymis leading to inability of sperm to leave the testis

leads to sperm accumulation, destruction of the ducts, and immune exposure to the sperm

results in spermatic granulomas

can maintain fertility if unilateral

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10
Q

paramesonephric duct remnants

A

cystic remnants that can cause compression atrophy of adjacent structures

no clinical significance if no compression

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11
Q

polled intersex syndrome (PIS)

A

genotype XX with testes (often cryptorchid)

caused by mutation in FOXL2 gene

occurs in polled breeds of goats

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12
Q

mullerian duct syndrome

A

genotype XY with intersex phenotype (cryptorchid testes + uterus)

caused by a mutation in AMHR2

occurs in miniature schnauzers

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13
Q

freemartinism

A

when the female in a set of male/female twins gets exposed to AMH and testosterone produced by the male twin via anastomosis of the placental vessels

results in female pseudohermaphrodite (external female w/ male internal genitalia)

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14
Q

developmental structural defects

A

altered androgen concentrations or lack of androgen receptors leading to defects in the scrotum and penis
- preputial adhesions
- persistent frenulum
- hypospadia

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15
Q

testicular degeneration/atrophy

A

acquired; decrease in testicular size that occurs after puberty

caused by toxins, viruses, etc

unilateral atrophy w/ contralateral hypertrophy

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16
Q

spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head

A

acquired; sterile, non-infectious, congenital disorder resulting in inflammation from extravasated spermatozoa

causes infertility from obstruction of epididymis

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17
Q

bulbourethral gland hyperplasia

A

consumption of phytoestrogens (in certain pastures) stimulates hyperplasia of the BU gland

occurs in grazing animals

18
Q

prostate hyperplasia

A

hormone related hyperplasia of the prostate gland

can be caused by excess estrogens which stimulate diffuse hyperplasia and metaplasia

secondary effects: dorsal deviation and obstruction of the colon

occurs in dogs with age; often seen w/ Sertoli cell tumors

19
Q

phimosis

A

inability to extrude the penis

20
Q

paraphimosis

A

inability to retract the penis

21
Q

priapism

A

persistent erection

22
Q

penile ruptures

A

erectile tissue + high pressure during erection can lead to rupture and hemorrhage

23
Q

pampiniform plexus varicocele

A

abnormal dilation of the spermatic vein in the pampiniform plexus

occurs in older rams

24
Q

what species is orchitis and epididymitis common in

A

rams and dogs

25
Q

what are the most common causes of infectious pathology

A

brucella species
herpesviruses

horses: salmonella or strep equi/zoo

26
Q

pathogenesis of infectious pathology

A

infection –> infarction –> adhesions –> fibrosis and atrophy

27
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of the testes caused by hematogenous spread of bacteria

leads to spermatic granulomas

often has concurrent epididymitis

28
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis (tail always affected)
- unilateral
- acute: swollen, soft
- chronic: enlarged, firm (fibrous tissue/granulomas)

leads to spermatic granulomas

29
Q

pathogenesis of epididymitis

A

epididymitis –> testicular degeneration –> atrophy of the testes –> infertility

30
Q

periorchitis

A

inflammation of the structures surrounding the testes

31
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis

32
Q

posthitis

A

inflammation of the prepuce

33
Q

balanoposthitis

A

inflammation of the penis and prepuce

common in castrated animals

34
Q

what species/age is reproductive neoplasia most common in

A

older dogs

35
Q

germ cell neoplasia

A

seminomas, teratomas

36
Q

seminomas

A

tumor of the germ cells
- homogenous, white/pink/gray, firm, bulges when cut
- abundant large, nucleated cells on histology
- usually benign

common in older horses and dogs

37
Q

leydig cell tumors

A

interstitial tumor of leydig cells
- spherical, well demarcated, semi-firm/soft, tan to yellow, bulges on cut surfaces
- can have regions of hemorrhage
- usually benign

common in bulls, dogs, cats

38
Q

Sertoli cell tumors

A

tumor of sertoli cells
- well circumscribed, firm, white, lobulated, causes enlargement of affected testis
- abundant fibrous tissue
- usually benign; can spread to regional LNs

leads to HYPERESTROGENISM

common in dogs

39
Q

hyperestrogenism

A

high estrogen leading to feminization
- gynecomastia (enlarged mammary glands)
- endocrine alopecia
- hyperplasia/squamous metaplasia of the prostate
- myelotoxicity

40
Q

myelotoxicity

A

high estrogen inhibits myelopoiesis (bone marrow suppression) leading to aplastic anemia and thrombocytopenia

41
Q

prostatic carcinoma

A

carcinoma of the prostate
(ONLY neoplasm in the prostate)
- malignant
- poor prognosis
- enlarged prostate invades nearby structures
- metastasizes to LNs, lungs, possibly bone

42
Q

penile habronemiasis

A

lesion caused by aberrant migration of the larvae of habronema muscle and draschia megastoma depositing on the penis/prepuce

leads to an ulcerated mass on the penis/prepuce (similar to granulation tissue or sarcoidosis)

occurs in horses

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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